Electrolyte battery, and electronic apparatus

ABSTRACT

An electrolyte according to the invention includes a crystalline first electrolyte portion which contains a lithium composite metal oxide represented by the compositional formula (1).
 
(Li 7−3x Ga x )(La 3−y Nd y )Zr 2 O 12   (1)
 
     In the formula, x and y satisfy the following formulae: 0.1≤x≤1.0 and 0.01≤y≤0.2.

BACKGROUND 1. Technical Field

The present invention relates to an electrolyte, a battery, and anelectronic apparatus.

2. Related Art

Heretofore, there has been known a battery using a compound having agarnet-type crystal structure as an inorganic electrolyte. For example,JP-A-2015-41573 (Patent Document 1) proposes a garnet-type ionconductive oxide, in which zirconium sites are partially substitutedwith niobium, lanthanum sites are partially substituted with calcium,and lithium sites are partially substituted with aluminum in lithiumlanthanum zirconate having a garnet-type crystal structure, as anelectrolyte which enables low-temperature sintering.

However, when firing is performed at a low temperature using thegarnet-type ion conductive oxide described in Patent Document 1,sufficient sintering does not occur at an interface between crystalgrains, and there is a problem that it is difficult to achieve bothdecrease in the grain boundary resistance of crystal grains andimprovement of the lithium ion conduction property (total ionconductivity).

SUMMARY

An electrolyte according to an aspect of this application includes acrystalline first electrolyte portion which contains a lithium compositemetal oxide represented by the following compositional formula (1).(Li_(7−3x)Ga_(x))(La_(3−y)Nd_(y))Zr₂O₁₂  (1)

In the formula (1), x and y satisfy the following formulae: 0.1≤x≤1.0and 0.01≤y≤0.2.

In the electrolyte, it is preferred that the electrolyte includes anamorphous second electrolyte portion which contains Li and is in contactwith the first electrolyte portion.

In the electrolyte, it is preferred that the second electrolyte portioncontains Li, B, and O.

A battery according to an aspect of this application includes acomposite body which includes the electrolyte and an active material, anelectrode on one side of the composite body, and a current collector onthe other side of the composite body.

In the battery, it is preferred that the active material is a positiveelectrode active material containing Li.

An electronic apparatus according to an aspect of this applicationincludes the battery.

A method for producing an electrolyte according to an aspect of thisapplication includes preparing a mixture by mixing a plurality of typesof raw materials containing elements constituting a lithium compositemetal oxide represented by the following compositional formula (1), andforming a crystalline first electrolyte portion by subjecting themixture to a heating treatment.(Li_(7−3x)Ga_(x))(La_(3−y)Nd_(y))Zr₂O₁₂  (1)

In the formula (1), x and y satisfy the following formulae: 0.1≤x≤1.0and 0.01≤y≤0.2.

In the method for producing an electrolyte, it is preferred that themethod includes dissolving the raw materials in a solvent, the mixturecontains the solvent, and the heating treatment includes a first heatingtreatment in which the heating temperature is 500° C. or higher and 650°C. or lower, and a second heating treatment which is performed after thefirst heating treatment, and in which the heating temperature is 800° C.or higher and 1000° C. or lower.

In the method for producing an electrolyte, it is preferred that themethod includes melting a second electrolyte containing Li, B, and O byheating in a state where the second electrolyte is brought into contactwith the first electrolyte portion, and forming a second electrolyteportion which is in contact with the first electrolyte portion bycooling the melt of the second electrolyte.

A method for producing a battery according to an aspect of thisapplication includes preparing a mixture by dissolving a plurality oftypes of raw materials containing elements constituting a lithiumcomposite metal oxide represented by the following compositional formula(1) in a solvent, followed by mixing, forming a first molded body usingan active material, forming a composite body which includes the firstmolded body and a crystalline first electrolyte portion obtained after areaction by subjecting the mixture to a heating treatment in a state ofbeing impregnated into the first molded body to cause a reaction,forming an electrode on one side of the composite body, and forming acurrent collector on the other side of the composite body.(Li_(7−3x)Ga_(x))(La_(3−y)Nd_(y))Zr₂O₁₂  (1)

In the formula (1), x and y satisfy the following formulae: 0.1≤x≤1.0and 0.01≤y≤0.2.

A method for producing a battery according to an aspect of thisapplication includes preparing a mixture by dissolving a plurality oftypes of raw materials containing elements constituting a lithiumcomposite metal oxide represented by the following compositional formula(1) in a solvent, followed by mixing, forming a first molded body usingan active material, forming a second molded body which includes thefirst molded body and a crystalline first electrolyte portion obtainedafter a reaction by subjecting the mixture to a heating treatment in astate of being impregnated into the first molded body to cause areaction, filling the second molded body with the melt of a secondelectrolyte containing Li, B, and O by melting the second electrolyte byheating in a state where the second electrolyte is brought into contactwith the second molded body, forming a composite body which includes thefirst electrolyte portion, a second electrolyte portion, and the activematerial by cooling the second molded body filled with the melt of thesecond electrolyte, forming an electrode on one side of the compositebody, and forming a current collector on the other side of the compositebody.(Li_(7−3x)Ga_(x))(La_(3−y)Nd_(y))Zr₂O₁₂  (1)

In the formula (1), x and y satisfy the following formulae: 0.1≤x≤1.0and 0.01≤y≤0.2.

In the method for producing a battery, it is preferred that the heatingtreatment includes a first heating treatment in which the heatingtemperature is 500° C. or higher and 650° C. or lower, and a secondheating treatment which is performed after the first heating treatment,and in which the heating temperature is 800° C. or higher and 1000° C.or lower.

A method for producing a battery according to an aspect of thisapplication includes preparing a mixture by mixing a plurality of typesof raw materials containing elements constituting a lithium compositemetal oxide represented by the following compositional formula (1),producing a calcined body by subjecting the mixture to a first heatingtreatment, preparing a mixed body by mixing the calcined body with anactive material, forming a composite body which includes a crystallinefirst electrolyte portion and the active material by molding the mixedbody, followed by performing a second heating treatment, forming anelectrode on one side of the composite body, and forming a currentcollector on the other side of the composite body.(Li_(7−3x)Ga_(x))(La_(3−y)Nd_(y))Zr₂O₁₂  (1)

In the formula (1), x and y satisfy the following formulae: 0.1≤x≤1.0and 0.01≤y≤0.2.

A method for producing a battery according to an aspect of thisapplication includes preparing a mixture by mixing a plurality of typesof raw materials containing elements constituting a lithium compositemetal oxide represented by the following compositional formula (1),producing a calcined body by subjecting the mixture to a first heatingtreatment, preparing a mixed body by mixing the calcined body with anactive material, producing a molded material by molding the mixed body,followed by performing a second heating treatment, filling the moldedmaterial with the melt of a second electrolyte containing Li, B, and Oby melting the second electrolyte by heating in a state where the secondelectrolyte is brought into contact with the molded material, forming acomposite body which includes a crystalline first electrolyte portion, asecond electrolyte portion, and the active material by cooling themolded material filled with the melt of the second electrolyte, formingan electrode on one side of the composite body, and forming a currentcollector on the other side of the composite body.(Li_(7−3x)Ga_(x))(La_(3−y)Nd_(y))Zr₂O₁₂  (1)

In the formula (1), x and y satisfy the following formulae: 0.1≤x≤1.0and 0.01≤y≤0.2.

In the method for producing a battery, it is preferred that in the firstheating treatment, the heating temperature is 500° C. or higher and 650°C. or lower, and in the second heating treatment, the heatingtemperature is 800° C. or higher and 1000° C. or lower.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will be described with reference to the accompanyingdrawings, wherein like numbers reference like elements.

FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view showing a structure of a lithiumbattery as a battery according to a first embodiment.

FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a structure of thelithium battery.

FIG. 3A is a schematic view showing a form of a coating on an activematerial particle with BaTiO₃.

FIG. 3B is a schematic view showing a form of a coating on an activematerial particle with LiNbO₃.

FIG. 4 is a schematic view showing a structure of an electrolyte.

FIG. 5 is a process flowchart showing a method for producing a lithiumbattery.

FIG. 6A is a schematic view showing the method for producing a lithiumbattery.

FIG. 6B is a schematic view showing the method for producing a lithiumbattery.

FIG. 6C is a schematic view showing the method for producing a lithiumbattery.

FIG. 6D is a schematic view showing the method for producing a lithiumbattery.

FIG. 6E is a schematic view showing the method for producing a lithiumbattery.

FIG. 7 is a table showing the compositions and firing conditions ofsolid electrolytes, etc. according to Examples and Comparative Examples.

FIG. 8 is a graph showing a Cole-Cole plot which is the impedancespectrum of Comparative Example 2.

FIG. 9 is a table showing evaluation results of lithium ionconductivities, crystal systems, and impurities according to Examplesand Comparative Examples.

FIG. 10A is a diagram showing the X-ray diffraction charts of Example 1,Comparative Example 1a, and Comparative Example 2.

FIG. 10B is a diagram showing the X-ray diffraction charts of Example 2aand Comparative Example 3b.

FIG. 11 is a table showing the TG-DTA measurement results of Example 2band Comparative Example 3b.

FIG. 12 is a table showing the charge and discharge conditions and theevaluation results of the lithium batteries of Examples and ComparativeExamples.

FIG. 13 is a process flowchart showing a method for producing a lithiumbattery as a battery according to a second embodiment.

FIG. 14 is a process flowchart showing a method for producing a lithiumbattery as a battery according to a third embodiment.

FIG. 15 is a schematic view showing a structure of a wearable apparatusaccording to a fourth embodiment.

FIG. 16 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a structure of alithium battery as a battery according to a first modification example.

DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

Hereinafter, embodiments of the invention will be described withreference to the drawings. Incidentally, in the following respectivedrawings, in order to make respective layers and respective members havea recognizable size, the dimensions of the respective layers and therespective members are made different from the actual ones.

First Embodiment

Battery

First, a battery according to this embodiment will be described withreference to FIG. 1. In this embodiment, a lithium battery will bedescribed as an example of the battery. FIG. 1 is a schematicperspective view showing a structure of a lithium battery as the batteryaccording to the first embodiment.

As shown in FIG. 1, a lithium battery 100 according to this embodimentincludes a positive electrode 9 as a composite body including anelectrolyte 3 and an active material 2 b, a negative electrode 30 as anelectrode provided on one side of the positive electrode 9 through anelectrolyte layer 20, and a first current collector 41 as a currentcollector provided in contact with the other side of the positiveelectrode 9.

That is, the lithium battery 100 is a stacked body in which the firstcurrent collector 41, the positive electrode 9, the electrolyte layer20, and the negative electrode 30 are sequentially stacked. In theelectrolyte layer 20, a face which is in contact with the negativeelectrode 30 is defined as “one face 20 a”, and in the positiveelectrode 9, a face which is in contact with the first current collector41 is defined as “surface 9 a”. For the electrolyte layer 20, a secondcurrent collector (not shown) may be provided as appropriate through thenegative electrode 30, and the lithium battery 100 only needs to have acurrent collector which is in contact with at least one of the positiveelectrode 9 and the negative electrode 30.

Current Collector

For the first current collector 41 and the second current collector, anymaterial can be suitably used as long as it is a forming material whichdoes not cause an electrochemical reaction with the positive electrode 9and the negative electrode 30, and has an electron conduction property.Examples of the forming material of the first current collector 41 andthe second current collector include one type of metal (metal simplesubstance) selected from the group consisting of copper (Cu), magnesium(Mg), titanium (Ti), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn),aluminum (Al), germanium (Ge), indium (In), gold (Au), platinum (Pt),silver (Ag), and palladium (Pd), alloys containing one or more types ofmetal elements selected from the above-mentioned group, electricallyconductive metal oxides such as ITO (Tin-doped Indium Oxide), ATO(Antimony-doped Tin Oxide), and FTO (Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide), andmetal nitrides such as titanium nitride (TiN), zirconium nitride (ZrN),and tantalum nitride (TaN).

As the form of the first current collector 41 and the second currentcollector, other than a thin film of the above-mentioned formingmaterial having an electron conduction property, an appropriate formsuch as a metal foil, a plate shape, a mesh-like shape, a lattice-likeshape, or a paste obtained by kneading an electrically conductive finepowder together with a binder can be selected according to the intendedpurpose. The thickness of such a first current collector 41 and a secondcurrent collector is not particularly limited, but is, for example,about 20 μm. The formation of the first current collector 41 and thesecond current collector may be performed after forming the positiveelectrode 9, the negative electrode 30, and the like, or may beperformed before forming such members.

Negative Electrode

Examples of a negative electrode active material (forming material)contained in the negative electrode 30 include niobium pentoxide(Nb₂O₅), vanadium pentoxide (V₂O₅), titanium oxide (TiO₂), indium oxide(In₂O₃), zinc oxide (ZnO), tin oxide (SnO₂), nickel oxide (NiO), ITO(Tin-doped Indium Oxide), ATO (Antimony-doped Tin Oxide), FTO(Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide), aluminum (Al)-doped zinc oxide (AZO),gallium (Ga)-doped zinc oxide (GZO), the anatase phase of TiO₂, lithiumcomposite oxides such as Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ and Li₂Ti₃O₇, metals and alloys suchas lithium (Li), silicon (Si), tin (Sn), a silicon-manganese alloy(Si—Mn), a silicon-cobalt alloy (Si—Co), a silicon-nickel alloy (Si—Ni),indium (In), and gold (Au), a carbon material, and a material obtainedby intercalation of lithium ions between layers of a carbon material.

The thickness of the negative electrode 30 is preferably fromapproximately about 50 nm to 100 μm, but can be arbitrarily designedaccording to a desired battery capacity or material properties.

The lithium battery 100 has, for example, a circular disk shape, and thesize of the outer shape thereof is such that the diameter is about 10 mmand the thickness is about 150 μm. In addition to being small and thin,the lithium battery 100 can be charged and discharged, and is capable ofobtaining a large output energy, and therefore can be suitably used as apower supply source (power supply) for a portable information terminalor the like. The shape of the lithium battery 100 is not limited to acircular disk shape, and may be, for example, a polygonal disk shape.Such a thin lithium battery 100 may be used alone or a plurality oflithium batteries 100 may be stacked and used. In the case of stackingthe lithium batteries 100, in the lithium battery 100, the first currentcollector 41 and the second current collector are not necessarilyessential components, and a configuration in which one of the currentcollectors is included may be adopted.

Next, the structures of the positive electrode 9, the electrolyte layer20, and the like included in the lithium battery 100 will be describedwith reference to FIG. 2. FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional viewshowing the structure of the lithium battery.

As shown in FIG. 2, the electrolyte layer 20 includes the electrolyte 3,and the positive electrode 9 includes the active material 2 b and theelectrolyte 3. The active material 2 b is in the form of particles, anda plurality of particles of the active material 2 b gather to form anactive material portion 2 having a plurality of pores among the activematerial 2 b in the form of particles.

Positive Electrode

The plurality of pores of the active material portion 2 in the positiveelectrode 9 communicate with one another like a mesh inside the activematerial portion 2. Further, by the contact between the active materials2 b, an electron conduction property of the active material portion 2 isensured. The electrolyte 3 is provided so as to fill up the plurality ofpores of the active material portion 2 and further cover the entireactive material portion 2. That is, the active material portion 2 andthe electrolyte 3 are combined to form a positive electrode 9 (compositebody). Therefore, as compared with the case where the active materialportion 2 does not have a plurality of pores or the case where theelectrolyte 3 is not provided inside the pores, the contact area betweenthe active material 2 b and the electrolyte 3 becomes large. Due tothis, the interfacial resistance is decreased, and it becomes possibleto achieve favorable charge transfer at the interface between the activematerial portion 2 and the electrolyte 3.

As in the lithium battery 100 of this embodiment, in the case where thefirst current collector 41 is used on the positive electrode 9 side, alithium composite metal compound which is a positive electrode activematerial containing lithium (Li) is used as the active material 2 b(active material portion 2). FIG. 2 is a view schematically showing theactive material 2 b, and the particle diameter and size of each activematerial 2 b are not necessarily the same as the actual ones.

The lithium composite metal compound to be used as the positiveelectrode active material refers to a compound such as an oxide, whichcontains lithium and also contains two or more types of metal elementsas a whole, and in which the existence of oxoacid ions is not observed.

Examples of the lithium composite metal compound include composite metalcompounds containing lithium (Li) and also containing one or more typesof elements selected from vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn),iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), and copper (Cu). Such a compositemetal compound is not particularly limited, however, specific examplesthereof include LiCoO₂, LiNiO₂, LiMn₂O₄, Li₂Mn₂O₃, LiCr_(0.5)Mn_(0.5)O₂,LiFePO₄, Li₂FeP₂O₇, LiMnPO₄, LiFeBO₃, Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃, Li₂CuO₂, LiFeF₃,Li₂FeSiO₄, Li₂MnSiO₄, NMC(Li_(a)(Ni_(x)Mn_(y)Co_(1−x−y))O₂), andNCA(Li(Ni_(x)Co_(y)Al_(1−x−y))O₂). Further, in this embodiment, solidsolutions obtained by substituting some of the atoms in a crystal of anyof these lithium composite metal compounds with another transitionmetal, typical metal, alkali metal, alkaline rare earth metal,lanthanoid, chalcogenide, halogen, or the like are also included in thelithium composite metal compound, and any of these solid solutions canalso be used as the positive electrode active material.

By using the lithium composite metal compound as the active material 2 bin the forming material of the active material portion 2, electrontransfer is performed between the particles of the active material 2 b,and lithium ion transfer is performed between the active material 2 band the electrolyte 3. According to this, the function as the activematerial portion 2 can be favorably exhibited.

The active material portion 2 has a bulk density of preferably 50% ormore and 90% or less, more preferably 50% or more and 70% or less. Whenthe active material portion 2 has such a bulk density, the surface areaof the inside of the pore of the active material portion 2 is enlarged,and the contact area between the active material portion 2 and theelectrolyte 3 is easily increased. According to this, in the lithiumbattery 100, it becomes easier to increase the capacity than in therelated art.

When the above-mentioned bulk density is denoted by β (%), the apparentvolume including the pores of the active material portion 2 is denotedby v, the mass of the active material portion 2 is denoted by w, and thedensity of the particles of the active material 2 b is denoted by ρ, thefollowing mathematical formula (a) is established. According to this,the bulk density can be determined.β={w/(v·ρ)}×100  (a)

In order to control the bulk density of the active material portion 2 tofall within the above range, the average particle diameter (mediandiameter) of the active material 2 b is preferably set to 0.3 μm or moreand 10 μm or less, and is more preferably 0.5 μm or more and 5 μm orless. The average particle diameter of the active material 2 b can bemeasured by, for example, dispersing the active material 2 b in n-octylalcohol at a concentration within a range of 0.1 mass % or more and 10mass % or less, and determining the median diameter using a lightscattering particle size distribution analyzer, Nanotrac (trademark)UPA-EX250 (product name, MicrotracBEL Corporation).

The bulk density of the active material portion 2 may also be controlledby using a pore forming material in the step of forming the activematerial portion 2.

The resistivity of the active material portion 2 is preferably 700 Ω·cmor less. When the active material portion 2 has such a resistivity, asufficient output can be obtained in the lithium battery 100. Theresistivity can be determined by adhering a copper foil as an electrodeto the surface of the active material portion 2, and performing DCpolarization measurement.

In the active material portion 2, the plurality of pores communicatewith one another like a mesh inside, and also the active materialportions 2 are connected to one another to form a mesh-like structure.For example, LiCoO₂, which is a positive electrode active material, isknown to have anisotropy in the electron conduction property in acrystal. Due to this, in a structure in which pores extend in a specificdirection such that the pores are formed by machining, the electronconduction property may be decreased depending on the direction of theelectron conduction property in a crystal. On the other hand, in thisembodiment, the active material portion 2 has a mesh-like structure, andtherefore, an electrochemically active continuous surface can be formedregardless of the anisotropy in the electron conduction property or ionconduction property in a crystal. Due to this, a favorable electronconduction property can be ensured regardless of the type of the formingmaterial to be used.

The surface of the active material 2 b constituting the active materialportion 2 of the embodiment may be coated with barium titanate (BaTiO₃)or lithium niobate (LiNbO₃). By coating the surface with barium titanateor lithium niobate, the interfacial resistance in the active material 2b (active material portion 2) can be decreased.

Here, a form of a coating on the active material 2 b (active materialportion 2) will be described with reference to FIGS. 3A and 3B. FIG. 3Ais a schematic view showing a form of a coating on an active materialparticle with BaTiO₃. FIG. 3B is a schematic view showing a form of acoating on an active material particle with LiNbO₃. FIGS. 3A and 3B areviews each schematically showing a single particle of the activematerial 2 b and a form of a coating, and the particle diameter and thethickness and the like of the coating are not necessarily the same asthe actual ones.

As shown in FIG. 3A, in the case of BaTiO₃, particles A of BaTiO₃ whichare finer than the particle of the active material 2 b are attached andthe surface of the active material 2 b is coated with the particles A.The coating with the particles A of BaTiO₃ is preferably 50% or more ofthe entire surface area of the active material 2 b. Further, the averageparticle diameter (median diameter) of the particles A is preferably 20nm or more and 70 nm or less. According to this, polarization occurs onthe surface of the active material 2 b by BaTiO₃ which is aferroelectric substance, so that the lithium ion density is increased todecrease the interfacial resistance. The average particle diameter ofthe particles A can be measured in the same manner as the activematerial 2 b.

As shown in FIG. 3B, in the case of LiNbO₃, a coating film B of LiNbO₃is formed on the surface of the active material 2 b. The thickness ofthe coating film B of LiNbO₃ is preferably 1 nm or more and 30 nm orless, more preferably 3 nm or more and 20 nm or less. When the thicknessof the coating film B is 1 nm or more, diffusion of an element containedin the active material 2 b into the electrolyte 3 is suppressed todecrease the interfacial resistance. Here, the element contained in theactive material 2 b varies depending on the lithium composite metalcompound to be used, but is cobalt (Co) in the case of LiCoO₂. When thethickness of the coating film B is 30 nm or less, the deterioration inthe lithium ion conduction property can be suppressed.

The form of the coating with the particles A or the coating film B onthe active material 2 b (active material portion 2) is not limited tothe above-mentioned forms, and a form in which a coating film in theform of an island is attached, or the like may be adopted.

Going back to FIG. 2, in the positive electrode 9, the contained amountof the binder (binding agent) for binding the active materials 2 b orthe pore forming material for adjusting the bulk density of the activematerial portion 2 is preferably reduced as much as possible. When thebinder or the pore forming material remains in the active materialportion 2 (positive electrode 9), such a component may sometimesadversely affect the electrical characteristics, and therefore, it isnecessary to remove the component by carefully performing heating in apost-process. Specifically, in this embodiment, the mass loss percentagein the case where the positive electrode 9 is heated at 400° C. for 30minutes is set to 5 mass % or less. The mass loss percentage ispreferably 3 mass % or less, more preferably 1 mass % or less, andfurther more preferably, the mass loss is not observed or is within themeasurement error range. When the mass loss percentage of the positiveelectrode 9 is within such a range, the amount of a solvent or adsorbedwater which is evaporated, an organic substance which is vaporized bycombustion or oxidation under a predetermined heating condition, or thelike is reduced. According to this, the electrical characteristics(charge-discharge characteristics) of the lithium battery 100 can befurther improved.

The mass loss percentage of the positive electrode 9 can be determinedfrom the values of the mass of the positive electrode 9 before and afterheating under a predetermined heating condition using a thermalgravimetric-differential thermal analyzer (TG-DTA).

In the lithium battery 100, a direction away from the first currentcollector 41 in the normal direction (the upper side of FIG. 2) isdefined as “upward direction”, the surface on the upper side of thepositive electrode 9 is in contact with the electrolyte layer 20. Thesurface 9 a on the lower side of the positive electrode 9 is in contactwith the first current collector 41. In the positive electrode 9, theupper side in contact with the electrolyte layer 20 is “one side”, andthe lower side in contact with the first current collector 41 is “theother side”.

On the surface 9 a of the positive electrode 9, the active materialportion 2 is exposed. Therefore, the active material portion 2 and thefirst current collector 41 are provided in contact with each other andboth are electrically connected to each other. The electrolyte 3 is alsoprovided inside the pores of the active material portion 2 and is incontact with the surface of the active material portion 2 including theinside of the pores of the active material portion 2 other than the facein contact with the first current collector 41. In the positiveelectrode 9 having such a configuration, due to the contact area betweenthe first current collector 41 and the active material portion 2, thecontact area between the active material portion 2 and the electrolyte 3is increased. Due of this, the interface between the active materialportion 2 and the electrolyte 3 hardly becomes a bottleneck of chargetransfer, and therefore, favorable charge transfer is easily ensured asthe positive electrode 9, and thus, it is possible to achieve highcapacity and high output in the lithium battery 100 using the positiveelectrode 9.

Electrolyte

Next, the structure of the electrolyte 3 included in the positiveelectrode 9 will be described with reference to FIG. 4. FIG. 4 is aschematic view showing the structure of the electrolyte.

The electrolyte 3 includes a crystalline first electrolyte portion 31which contains a lithium composite metal oxide represented by thefollowing compositional formula (1), and an amorphous second electrolyteportion 32 which contains lithium (Li), boron (B), and oxygen (O) and isin contact with the first electrolyte portion 31.(Li_(7−3x)Ga_(x))(La_(3−y)Nd_(y))Zr₂O₁₂  (1)

In the formula (1), x and y satisfy the following formulae: 0.1≤x≤1.0and 0.01≤y≤0.2.

In the first electrolyte portion 31, lithium (Li) is partiallysubstituted with gallium (Ga) and lanthanum (La) is partiallysubstituted with neodymium (Nd) as shown in the compositional formula(1). Therefore, as compared with the case where lanthanum (La) is notpartially substituted with neodymium (Nd), the tetragonal-cubic phasetransition temperature (phase transition temperature) of the firstelectrolyte portion 31 is lowered, so that the crystal after transitionto the cubic phase easily grows at a lower temperature. The phasetransition from the tetragonal phase to the cubic phase is generallysecondary transition accompanied by a small heat absorption and iscaused by temperature and heat quantity required for the phasetransition. Further, by Raman scattering analysis or evaluation oflithium ion conduction property, it has already been known that in atetragonal crystal, the movement of lithium is restricted, however, in acubic crystal, lithium easily moves and the lithium ion conductionproperty is improved.

As shown in FIG. 4, the electrolyte 3 includes the first electrolyteportion 31 and the second electrolyte portion 32, and the secondelectrolyte portion 32 communicates with itself inside the electrolyte3. The structure of such an electrolyte 3 can be confirmed by, forexample, a transmission electron microscope (TEM) or the like.

FIG. 4 is a view schematically illustrating a state by observation ofthe structure using a transmission electron microscope with respect tothe structure of such an electrolyte 3, and does not necessarilycoincide with the actual state.

Here, in the battery according to the invention, the second electrolyteportion 32 is not necessarily essential. That is, the electrolyte 3 maybe formed from the first electrolyte portion 31 without using the secondelectrolyte portion 32.

In the first electrolyte portion 31, x in the above compositionalformula (1) is 0.1 or more, and therefore, the bulk lithium ionconductivity (grain bulk conductivity) in the electrolyte 3 can beimproved. Since x in the above compositional formula (1) is 1.0 or less,the occurrence of coarse particles in the first electrolyte portion 31can be suppressed.

As a forming material of the second electrolyte portion 32, a solidelectrolyte having a lower melting point than the melting point of theactive material 2 b and the first electrolyte portion 31 may be used.Specific examples thereof include oxides, halides, hydrides, and boridessuch as LiBH₄ (268° C.), LiF (848° C.), LiCl (605° C.), LiBr (552° C.),LiI (469° C.), Li₃BO₃ (817° C.), and Li_(2+x)C_(1−x)B_(x)O₃ (0.01<x<0.5)(680° C. to 750° C.), and amorphous and partially crystallized glassesof partially substituted materials thereof. The temperature inparentheses after each compound name described above is the meltingpoint of the compound. Among these, it is preferred to use a solidelectrolyte containing lithium (Li), boron (B), and oxygen (O), and itis more preferred to use a solid electrolyte containing lithium (Li),boron (B), carbon (C), and oxygen (O). According to this, the amorphoussecond electrolyte portion 32 is easily formed, and the lithium ionconduction property of the electrolyte 3 can be further improved.

Further, a solid solution obtained by substituting some of the atoms ofany of the above-mentioned compounds with another transition metal,typical metal, alkali metal, alkaline rare earth metal, lanthanoid,chalcogenide, halogen, or the like may also be used as the formingmaterial of the second electrolyte portion 32. Among the above-mentionedsolid electrolytes, one type may be used alone or two or more types maybe used in admixture.

In this embodiment, as the forming material of the second electrolyteportion 32, Li_(2+x)C_(1−x)B_(x)O₃ (0.01<x<0.5) is used. Specificexamples thereof include Li_(2.2)C_(0.8)B_(0.2)O₃. By using theabove-mentioned forming material in the second electrolyte portion 32,the occurrence of dendrites due to segregation of lithium is suppressed,and a positive electrode 9 (composite body) having a dense structure isformed. According to this, the lithium ion conduction property in thepositive electrode 9 can be further improved.

The total ion conductivity as the index of the lithium ion conductionproperty of the electrolyte 3 is set to 1.0×10⁻⁴ S/cm or more. When theelectrolyte 3 has such an ion conductivity, an ion contained in theelectrolyte 3 at a position away from the surface of the active materialportion 2 easily reaches the surface of the active material portion 2.Due to this, also the ion can contribute to the battery reaction in theactive material portion 2, and the capacity of the lithium battery 100can be further increased.

Here, the ion conductivity of the electrolyte 3 refers to a grain bulkconductivity as the conductivity of the electrolyte 3 itself, and in thecase where the electrolyte 3 is a crystalline material, a grain boundaryconductivity as the conductivity between crystal grains, and a total ionconductivity which is the sum of these conductivities. Further, theindex of the grain boundary resistance in the electrolyte 3 is a grainboundary conductivity, and when the grain boundary conductivityincreases, the grain boundary resistance decreases. The measurementmethod for the ion conductivity of the electrolyte 3 will be describedlater.

Electrolyte Layer

Going back to FIG. 2, the electrolyte layer 20 is provided between thepositive electrode 9 and the negative electrode 30 as described above.The electrolyte layer 20 includes the same electrolyte 3 as that of thepositive electrode 9, but does not include the active material 2 b. Byinterposing the electrolyte layer 20 which does not include the activematerial 2 b between the positive electrode 9 and the negative electrode30, the positive electrode 9 and the negative electrode 30 are hardlyelectrically connected to each other, and the occurrence of a shortcircuit is suppressed. The positive electrode 9 and the electrolytelayer 20 each include the electrolyte 3, and therefore, the electrolytes3 of the positive electrode 9 and the electrolyte layer 20 may be formedsimultaneously at the time of production. That is, in the productionstep of the lithium battery 100, the formation of the active materialportion 2 and the formation of the electrolyte layer 20 may be performedat a time. Further, the electrolyte layer 20 may be formed using adifferent forming material from that of the electrolyte 3. In such acase, the positive electrode 9 and the electrolyte layer 20 are formedin separate production steps.

The thickness of the electrolyte layer 20 is preferably 0.1 μm or moreand 100 μm or less, more preferably 0.2 μm or more and 10 μm or less. Bysetting the thickness of the electrolyte layer 20 within the aboverange, the internal resistance of the electrolyte layer 20 is decreased,and the occurrence of a short circuit between the positive electrode 9and the negative electrode 30 can be suppressed.

On the one face 20 a (the face in contact with the negative electrode30) of the electrolyte layer 20, a relief structure such as a trench, agrating, or a pillar may be provided by combining various moldingmethods and processing methods as needed.

Method for Producing Battery

A method for producing the lithium battery 100 as the battery accordingto this embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS. 5, 6A, 6B,6C, 6D, and 6E. FIG. 5 is a process flowchart showing the method forproducing the lithium battery. FIGS. 6A to 6E are schematic views eachshowing the method for producing the lithium battery. The process flowshown in FIG. 5 is an example, and the method is not limited thereto.

As shown in FIG. 5, the method for producing the lithium battery 100according to this embodiment includes the following steps. In a step S1,a mixture is prepared by dissolving a plurality of types of rawmaterials containing elements constituting a lithium composite metaloxide represented by the following compositional formula (1) in asolvent, followed by mixing. In a step S2, an active material portion 2as a first molded body is formed using an active material 2 b. In a stepS3, a second molded body which includes the active material portion 2and a crystalline first electrolyte portion 31 obtained after a reactionby subjecting the mixture to a heating treatment in a state of beingimpregnated into the active material portion 2 to cause a reaction. In astep S4, the second molded body is filled with the melt of a secondelectrolyte 32 a containing lithium (Li), boron (B), and oxygen (O) bymelting the second electrolyte 32 a by heating in a state where thesecond electrolyte 32 a is brought into contact with the second moldedbody. In a step S5, a positive electrode 9 which includes the firstelectrolyte portion 31, a second electrolyte portion 32, and the activematerial 2 b (active material portion 2) is formed by cooling the secondmolded body filled with the melt of the second electrolyte 32 a. In astep S6, a negative electrode is formed on one side of the positiveelectrode through an electrolyte layer 20. In a step S7, a first currentcollector 41 is formed on the other side (a surface 9 a) of the positiveelectrode 9.(Li_(7−3x)Ga_(x))(La_(3−y)Nd_(y))Zr₂O₁₂  (1)

In the formula (1), x and y satisfy the following formulae: 0.1≤x≤1.0and 0.01≤y≤0.2.

The step S2 may include a step of applying a coating of BaTiO₃ or LiNbO₃to the active material 2 b (active material portion 2).

Here, the method for producing the lithium battery 100 includes a methodfor producing the electrolyte 3 of this embodiment. That is, the methodfor producing the electrolyte 3 of this embodiment includes a step ofpreparing a mixture by mixing a plurality of types of raw materialscontaining elements constituting a lithium composite metal oxiderepresented by the above compositional formula (1), a step of forming acrystalline first electrolyte portion 31 by subjecting the mixture to aheating treatment, a step of melting a second electrolyte 32 acontaining lithium (Li), boron (B), and oxygen (O) by heating in a statewhere the second electrolyte 32 a is brought into contact with the firstelectrolyte portion 31, and a step of forming a second electrolyteportion 32 which is in contact with the first electrolyte portion 31 bycooling the melt of the second electrolyte 32 a.

In the electrolyte 3, the second electrolyte portion 32 may not beprovided. In such a case, the positive electrode 9 which includes thefirst electrolyte portion 31 and the active material portion 2 is formedby repeatedly performing the step of forming the crystalline firstelectrolyte portion 31 by subjecting the mixture to a heating treatment.

These steps included in the method for producing the electrolyte 3 areincluded in the step S1, the step S3, the step S4, and the step S5 inthe method for producing the lithium battery 100 described above. Inthis embodiment, a method for producing the first electrolyte portion 31using a liquid phase method is described as an example, but the methodis not limited thereto. For example, the second molded body may beformed using a solid phase method by preparing a forming material of thefirst electrolyte portion 31 in the form of particles from the mixture,followed by mixing the active material 2 b in the form of particles andthen compression molding the resulting material.

Preparation of Mixture

In the step S1, a mixture is prepared by dissolving each of theprecursors as the raw materials of the first electrolyte portion 31 in asolvent to form solutions, followed by mixing these solutions. That is,the mixture contains a solvent for dissolving the above-mentioned rawmaterials (precursors). As the precursors of the first electrolyteportion 31, metal compounds containing the elements constituting thelithium composite metal oxide represented by the above compositionalformula (1) are used.

As the metal compounds containing the elements constituting the lithiumcomposite metal oxide represented by the above compositional formula(1), a lithium compound, a gallium compound, a lanthanum compound, aneodymium compound, and a zirconium compound are used. The types ofthese compounds are not particularly limited, but each compound ispreferably one or more types of metal salts or metal alkoxides oflithium, gallium, lanthanum, neodymium, or zirconium.

Examples of the lithium compound include lithium metal salts such aslithium chloride, lithium nitrate, lithium acetate, lithium hydroxide,and lithium carbonate, and lithium alkoxides such as lithium methoxide,lithium ethoxide, lithium propoxide, lithium isopropoxide, lithiumn-butoxide, lithium isobutoxide, lithium sec-butoxide, lithiumtert-butoxide, and lithium dipivaloylmethanate, and one or more typesselected from this group can be adopted.

Examples of the gallium compound include gallium metal salts such asgallium bromide, gallium chloride, gallium iodide, and gallium nitrate,and gallium alkoxides such as gallium trimethoxide, gallium triethoxide,gallium tri-n-propoxide, gallium triisopropoxide, and galliumtri-n-butoxide, and one or more types selected from this group can beadopted.

Examples of the lanthanum compound include lanthanum metal salts such aslanthanum chloride, lanthanum nitrate, and lanthanum acetate, andlanthanum alkoxides such as lanthanum trimethoxide, lanthanumtriethoxide, lanthanum tripropoxide, lanthanum triisopropoxide,lanthanum tri-n-butoxide, lanthanum triisobutoxide, lanthanumtri-sec-butoxide, lanthanum tri-tert-butoxide, and lanthanumtris(dipivaloylmethanate), and one or more types selected from thisgroup can be adopted.

Examples of the neodymium compound include neodymium metal salts such asneodymium bromide, neodymium chloride, neodymium fluoride, neodymiumoxalate, neodymium acetate, neodymium nitrate, neodymium sulfate,neodymium trimethacrylate, neodymium tris (acetylacetonate), andneodymium tri-2-ethylhexanoate, and neodymium alkoxides such asneodymium triisopropoxide and neodymium trimethoxyethoxide, and one ormore types selected from this group can be adopted.

Examples of the zirconium compound include zirconium metal salts such aszirconium chloride, zirconium oxychloride, zirconium oxynitrate,zirconium oxyacetate, and zirconium acetate, and zirconium alkoxidessuch as zirconium tetramethoxide, zirconium tetraethoxide, zirconiumtetrapropoxide, zirconium tetraisopropoxide, zirconium tetra-n-butoxide,zirconium tetraisobutoxide, zirconium tetra-sec-butoxide, zirconiumtetra-tert-butoxide, and zirconium tetrakis(dipivaloylmethanate), andone or more types selected from this group can be adopted.

As the solvent contained in the solution which contains the precursorsof the first electrolyte portion 31, a single solvent of water or anorganic solvent or a mixed solvent capable of dissolving theabove-mentioned metal salt or metal alkoxide is used. The organicsolvent is not particularly limited, however, examples thereof includealcohols such as methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol,isopropyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, allyl alcohol, and ethylene glycolmonobutyl ether (2-butoxyethanol), glycols such as ethylene glycol,propylene glycol, butylene glycol, hexylene glycol, pentanediol,hexanediol, heptanediol, and dipropylene glycol, ketones such asdimethyl ketone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl propyl ketone, and methylisobutyl ketone, esters such as methyl formate, ethyl formate, methylacetate, and methyl acetoacetate, ethers such as diethylene glycolmonomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycoldimethyl ether, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycolmonoethyl ether, and dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, organic acidssuch as formic acid, acetic acid, 2-ethylbutyric acid, and propionicacid, aromatics such as toluene, o-xylene, and p-xylene, and amides suchas formamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-diethylformamide,dimethylacetamide, and N-methylpyrrolidone.

By dissolving each of the precursors of the first electrolyte portion 31described above in any of the above-mentioned solvents, a plurality ofsolutions containing each of the precursors of the first electrolyteportion 31 (metal compound solutions) are prepared. Subsequently, amixture is prepared by mixing the plurality of solutions. At this time,lithium, gallium, lanthanum, neodymium, and zirconium are incorporatedin the mixture at a predetermined ratio according to the composition ofthe first electrolyte portion 31. At this time, the mixture may beprepared by mixing all the precursors, and then dissolving the mixedprecursors in a solvent without preparing the plurality of metalcompound solutions containing each of the precursors.

Lithium in the composition is sometimes volatilized by heating in apost-process. Therefore, the lithium compound may be blended excessivelyin advance so that the content of the lithium compound in the mixture isincreased by about 0.05 mol % to 30 mol % with respect to the desiredcomposition according to the heating condition.

In the preparation of the mixture, specifically, for example, as shownin FIG. 6A, the plurality of solutions containing each of the precursorsof the first electrolyte portion 31 are added to a beaker 81 made ofPyrex. A magnetic stirrer bar 82 is added thereto, and the solutions aremixed while stirring by a magnetic stirrer 83. By doing this, a mixture3X is obtained. Then, the process proceeds to the step S2.

Formation of First Molded Body

In the step S2, the active material portion 2 as the first molded bodyis formed. In this embodiment, as a forming material (active material 2b) of the active material portion 2, LiCoO₂ which is a lithium compositemetal compound is used. First, the particles of LiCoO₂ (Sigma-AldrichCo., Ltd.) are subjected to a classification operation in n-butanol(butanol) using a wet-type centrifuge model LC-1000 (product name,Krettek Separation GmbH), whereby the active material 2 b in the form ofparticles having an average particle diameter of about 5 μm is obtained.

Formation of Coating

In this embodiment, a coating of BaTiO₃ or LiNbO₃ may be applied to theparticle of the active material 2 b. As a method for forming thecoating, a gas phase method such as a sputtering method or an ALD(Atomic Layer Deposition) method, a liquid phase method using a coatingagent (liquid) containing forming materials of the coating, or a solidphase method is exemplified. In this embodiment, a method for forming acoating using a liquid phase method will be described as an example.

First, a coating agent (liquid) containing the forming materials ofBaTiO₃ or LiNbO₃ is prepared. Specifically, each of the formingmaterials of BaTiO₃ or LiNbO₃ is dissolved in a solvent to preparesolutions, and the solutions are mixed, whereby the coating agent isprepared.

As the forming materials of BaTiO₃ or LiNbO₃, a barium compound, atitanium compound, a lithium compound, and a niobium compound are used.The types of these compounds are not particularly limited, but each ispreferably one or more types of metal salts or metal alkoxides ofbarium, titanium, lithium, or niobium.

Examples of the barium compound include barium metal salts such asbarium chloride, barium chloride dihydrate, barium bromide, bariumbromide dihydrate, barium fluoride, barium iodide, barium iodidedihydrate, barium acetate, barium carbonate, barium oxalate, bariumphosphate, barium nitrate, and barium sulfate, and barium alkoxides suchas barium dimethoxide, barium diethoxide, barium dipropoxide, bariumdiisopropoxide, barium di-n-butoxide, barium diisobutoxide, bariumdi-sec-butoxide, barium di-tert-butoxide, and bariumbis(dipivaloylmethanate), and one or more types selected from this groupcan be adopted.

Examples of the titanium compound include titanium metal salts such astitanium tetrabromide and titanium tetrachloride, and titanium alkoxidessuch as titanium tetramethoxide, titanium tetraethoxide, titaniumtetraisopropoxide, titanium tetrapropoxide, titanium tetra-n-butoxide,titanium tetraisobutoxide, titanium tetra-sec-butoxide, and titaniumtetra-tert-butoxide, and one or more types selected from this group canbe adopted.

As the lithium compound, one or more types selected from the lithiumcompounds to be used as the metal compound containing the elementsconstituting the lithium composite metal oxide of the compositionalformula (1) described above can be adopted.

Examples of the niobium compound include niobium metal salts such asniobium chloride, niobium oxychloride, niobium oxalate, niobiumtriacetylacetonate, and niobium pentaacetylacetonate, and niobiumalkoxides such as niobium pentaethoxide, niobium pentapropoxide, niobiumpentaisopropoxide, and niobium penta-sec-butoxide, and one or more typesselected from this group can be adopted.

As the solvent contained in the solution which contains the formingmaterials of BaTiO₃ or LiNbO₃, a single solvent of water or an organicsolvent or a mixed solvent capable of dissolving the above-mentionedmetal salt or metal alkoxide is used. Specifically, the same solvent asused in the solution containing the precursors of the first electrolyteportion 31 can be adopted.

The coating agent may contain a surfactant. By adding a surfactant tothe coating agent, the wettability of the coating agent on the activematerial 2 b, the dispersibility when dispersing the active material 2 bin the coating agent, or the like can be improved. Examples of thesurfactant include a nonionic surfactant, an anionic surfactant, acationic surfactant, and an amphoteric surfactant.

As the nonionic surfactant, an acetylene glycol compound, a fluorinecompound, a polyoxyethylene compound, a silicone compound, or the likecan be adopted and is appropriately selected according to the type ofthe solvent to be used or the like.

The acetylene glycol compound is not particularly limited, but examplesthereof include Surfynol (registered trademark) 104, 104E, 104H, 104A,104BC, 104DPM, 104PA, 104PG-50, 104S, 420, 440, 465, 485, SE, SE-F, 504,61, DF37, CT111, CT121, CT131, CT136, TG, GA, and DF110D, Dynol(registered trademark) 604 and 607 (all of the above are trade names,Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.), Olfine (registered trademark) B, Y,P, A, STG, SPC, E1004, E1010, E1020, PD-001, PD-002 W, PD-003, PD-004,PD-005, EXP.4001, EXP.4036, EXP.4051, EXP.4123, EXP.4200, EXP.4300,AF-103, AF-104, AK-02, SK-14, and AE-3 (all of the above are tradenames, Nissin Chemical Co., Ltd.), and Acetylenol (registered trademark)E00, E00P, E40, E60, and E100 (all of the above are trade names, KawakenFine Chemicals Co., Ltd.).

The fluorine compound is not particularly limited, but examples thereofinclude perfluoroalkyl sulfonate salts, perfluoroalkyl carboxylatesalts, perfluoroalkyl phosphate esters, perfluoroalkyl ethylene oxideadducts, perfluoroalkyl betaines, perfluoroalkyl amine oxide compounds,and fluorine-modified polymers. Examples of commercially availableproducts of these compounds include S-144 and S-145 (all of the aboveare trade names, Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.), FC-170C, FC-430, and FluoradFC4430 (all of the above are trade names, Sumitomo 3M Limited), FSO,FSO-100, FSN, FSN-100, and FSN-300 (all of the above are trade names,DuPont, Inc.), FT-250 and FT-251 (all of the above are trade names, NeosCorporation), and BYK (registered trademark)-340 (trade name, BYK,Inc.).

The polyoxyethylene compound is not particularly limited, but examplesthereof include Newcol (registered trademark) 2300 series (such as 2303,2327, and 2399-S), Newcol NT series (such as 3, 5, 7, and 9), and Newcol1000 series (such as 1004, 1006, 1008, 1203, 1305, and 1525) (all of theabove are trade names, Nippon Nyukazai Co., Ltd.), Tween (registeredtrademark) 20 and 80 (all of the above are trade names, Tokyo ChemicalIndustry Co., Ltd.) Emulgen (registered trademark) 102KG, 103, 104P,105, 106, 108, 120, 147, 150, 220, 350, 404, 420, 705, 707, 709, 1108,4085, and 2025G (all of the above are trade names, Kao Corporation),Brij (registered trademark) 35 and 58 (trade names, ICI, Inc.), Triton(registered trademark) X-100 and X-114 (trade names, MP Biomedicals,Inc.), and polyoxyethylene alkyl ether compounds such aspolyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene hexyl ether (C₆H₁₃-EO-PO—OH).

The silicone compound is not particularly limited, but apolysiloxane-based compound can be used. As the polysiloxane-basedcompound, for example, polyether-modified organosiloxanes areexemplified. Examples of commercially available products of thepolyether-modified organosiloxanes include BYK-306, BYK-307, BYK-333,BYK-341, BYK-345, BYK-346, BYK-347, BYK-348, and BYK-349 (all of theabove are trade names, BYK, Inc.), KF-351A, KF-352A, KF-353, KF-354L,KF-355A, KF-615A, KF-945, KF-640, KF-642, KF-643, KF-6020, X-22-4515,KF-6011, KF-6012, KF-6015, and KF-6017 (all of the above are tradenames, Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.), and Silface (registered trademark)SAG002, 005, 503A, and 008 (all of the above are trade names,manufactured by Nisshin Chemical Co., Ltd.).

Examples of the anionic surfactant include higher fatty acid salts,soaps, α-sulfo fatty acid methyl ester salts, alkylbenzene sulfonatesalts, alkyl sulfate ester salts, alkyl ether sulfate ester salts,monoalkyl phosphate ester salts, α-olefin sulfonate salts,alkylnaphthalene sulfonate salts, naphthalene sulfonate salts, alkanesulfonate salts, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether sulfate salts,sulfosuccinate salts, and polyoxyalkylene glycol alkyl ether phosphateester salts.

Examples of the cationic surfactant include quaternary ammonium saltcompounds such as alkyl trimethyl ammonium salts, dialkyl dimethylammonium salts, and alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium salts, and amine saltcompounds such as N-methylbishydroxyethylamine fatty acid esterhydrochloride salts.

The amphoteric surfactant is not particularly limited, but examplesthereof include amino acid compounds such as alkylamino fatty acidsalts.

Each of the above-mentioned forming materials of BaTiO₃ or LiNbO₃ isdissolved in any of the above-mentioned solvents, thereby preparing aplurality of solutions containing the forming materials of BaTiO₃ orLiNbO₃. Subsequently, the plurality of solutions are mixed, and then,any of the above-mentioned surfactants is added thereto, therebypreparing the coating agent. At this time, in the coating agent, barium,titanium, lithium, or niobium is incorporated at a predetermined ratioaccording to the composition of BaTiO₃ or LiNbO₃. At this time, thecoating agent may be prepared by mixing all the forming materials, andthen dissolving the mixture in a solvent without preparing the pluralityof solutions containing each of the forming materials. In thepreparation of the coating agent, the same method as in the preparationof the mixture (the mixture containing the raw materials of the firstelectrolyte portion 31) described above can be adopted.

Subsequently, the active material 2 b is added and mixed in the coatingagent, thereby dispersing the particles of the active material 2 b inthe coating agent. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 6B, the coating agent1X and the active material 2 b are placed in a reagent bottle 84 made ofPyrex (trademark of Corning Incorporated). The reagent bottle 84 isdipped in an ultrasonic cleaner 85 containing water, and an ultrasonicwave is applied to the reagent bottle. By doing this, the activematerial 2 b is dispersed in the coating agent 1X while suppressing thegeneration of secondary particles. Thereafter, the excessive coatingagent 1X is removed using a centrifuge or the like, and the activematerial 2 b with the coating agent 1X attached to the surface thereofis transferred to a titanium dish having an inner diameter of 50 mm anda depth of 20 mm and heated on a hot plate or the like. At this time,the solvent contained in the coating agent 1X is evaporated by heatingat 100° C. or lower for about 30 minutes, and then, the organiccomponents are burned and decomposed by heating at 360° C. for 30minutes. Subsequently, heating is performed at 540° C. for 1 hour,thereby removing the remaining organic components and applying a coatingof BaTiO₃ or LiNbO₃ to the surface of the active material 2 b. In thismanner, the active material 2 b whose surface is coated with BaTiO₃ orLiNbO₃ is obtained.

In the above description, the coating of BaTiO₃ or LiNbO₃ is applied tothe active material 2 b in the form of particles, however, the inventionis not limited thereto. The coating may be applied to the surface of theactive material portion 2 (active material 2 b) by applying the coatingagent 1X to the active material portion 2 after forming the activematerial portion 2 using the active material 2 b.

Subsequently, by using a molding die 86 as shown in FIG. 6C, the activematerial 2 b or the active material 2 b with a coated surface(hereinafter, also simply referred to as “active material 2 b”) iscompression molded. Specifically, a powder of LiCoO₂ is pressed at apressure of 624 MPa for 2 minutes using the molding die 86 (a die withan exhaust port having an inner diameter of 10 mm), whereby adisk-shaped molded material (diameter: 10 mm, effective diameter: 8 mm,thickness: 150 μm) of LiCoO₂ (active material 2 b) is produced.

Thereafter, the molded material of the active material 2 b is placed ona substrate and subjected to a heat treatment at 900° C. over 8 hours,whereby the active material portion 2 is obtained. By this heattreatment, the particles of the active material 2 b are sintered to oneanother, and the shape of the molded material is easily retained.Further, the active materials 2 b are brought into contact with eachother and bound to each other, whereby an electron transfer pathway isformed. The forming material of the substrate is not particularlylimited, however, it is preferred to use a material which hardly reactswith the active material 2 b and the electrolyte 3, and for example,magnesium oxide or the like is exemplified.

The temperature of the heat treatment is preferably, for example, atemperature which is 850° C. or higher and is lower than the meltingpoint of the active material 2 b. According to this, the activematerials 2 b are sintered to one another, whereby the active materialportion 2 which is an integrated porous material is obtained. By settingthe temperature of the heat treatment to 850° C. or higher, sinteringproceeds sufficiently, and also the electron conduction property in thecrystal of the active material 2 b is ensured. By setting thetemperature of the heat treatment lower than the melting point of theactive material 2 b, excessive volatilization of lithium ions in thecrystal of the active material 2 b is suppressed, and the lithium ionconduction property is maintained. Due to this, it becomes possible toensure the electrical capacity of the positive electrode 9. Thetemperature of the heat treatment is more preferably 875° C. or higherand 1000° C. or lower. According to this, in the lithium battery 100using the positive electrode 9, appropriate output and capacity can beprovided.

The time of the heat treatment is preferably set to, for example, 5minutes or more and 36 hours or less, and is more preferably 4 hours ormore and 14 hours or less. By the above-mentioned treatment, the activematerial portion 2 having a plurality of pores is obtained. Then, theprocess proceeds to the step S3.

Formation of Second Molded Body

In the step S3, the mixture 3X prepared in the step S1 is brought intocontact with the active material portion 2 and impregnated into theactive material portion 2, and then, a heating treatment is performed,whereby the crystalline first electrolyte portion 31 is produced fromthe mixture 3X. In this manner, the first electrolyte portion 31 isformed on the surface including the inside of the plurality of pores ofthe active material portion 2, whereby the second molded body isobtained.

First, the mixture 3X and the active material portion 2 are brought intocontact with each other and the mixture 3X is impregnated into theactive material portion 2. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 6D, the activematerial portion 2 is placed on a substrate 87. The substrate 87 is madeof, for example, magnesium oxide.

Subsequently, the mixture 3X is applied to the surface of the activematerial portion 2 including the inside of the pores of the activematerial portion 2 using a micropipette 88 or the like. At this time,the application amount of the mixture 3X is adjusted so that the bulkdensity of the produced second molded body is approximately about 75% ormore and 85% or less. In other words, the application amount of themixture 3X is adjusted so that about half the volume of the voids(pores) of the active material portion 2 is filled with the firstelectrolyte portion 31. The bulk density of the second molded body canbe obtained in the same manner as the bulk density of the activematerial portion 2 described above.

As the method for applying the mixture 3X, other than dropping using themicropipette 88, for example, a method such as immersion, spraying,penetration by capillary phenomenon, or spin coating can be used, andthese methods may be performed in combination. The mixture 3X hasfluidity, and therefore also easily reaches the inside of the pores ofthe active material portion 2 by capillary phenomenon. The mixture 3X isapplied so as to wet and spread on the entire surface including theinside of the pores of the active material portion 2.

In the case where the electrolyte layer 20 is formed from the sameforming material as that of the electrolyte 3, the mixture may beexcessively applied to one face of the active material portion 2. Byperforming the below-mentioned heating treatment in this state, theactive material portion 2 is completely sunk in the first electrolyteportion 31, and the electrolyte layer 20 is formed.

Subsequently, the mixture 3X impregnated into the active materialportion 2 is subjected to a heating treatment. The heating treatmentincludes a first heating treatment in which the heating temperature is500° C. or higher and 650° C. or lower, and a second heating treatmentwhich is performed after the first heating treatment, and in which theheating temperature is 800° C. or higher and 1000° C. or lower. By thefirst heating treatment, the solvent contained in the mixture 3X or anorganic substance such as an impurity is decomposed and reduced.Therefore, in the second heating treatment, the purity is increased, sothat the reaction is accelerated, and the first electrolyte portion 31can be formed. Further, by setting the temperature of the heatingtreatment to 1000° C. or lower, the occurrence of a side reaction at thecrystal grain boundary or volatilization of lithium can be suppressed.Accordingly, the lithium ion conduction property can be furtherimproved. The heating treatment may be performed in a dry atmosphere, anoxidizing atmosphere, an inert gas atmosphere, or the like. As a methodfor the heating treatment, for example, the heating treatment isperformed using an electric muffle furnace or the like.

Subsequently, the mixture is gradually cooled to room temperature afterthe heating treatment. The reaction in the mixture 3X proceeds by theheating treatment, whereby the crystalline first electrolyte portion 31is formed.

Accordingly, the second molded body in which the active material portion2 and the first electrolyte portion 31 are combined is obtained. Thesecond molded body has a bulk density of approximately about 75% or moreand 85% or less and has a plurality of pores. When the bulk density ofthe second molded body is less than 75%, the step S3 is performedrepeatedly until the bulk density reaches 75% or more. In thisembodiment, the first electrolyte portion 31 is formed using a liquidphase method, however, the method is not limited thereto. The firstelectrolyte portion 31 and the like may be formed using a solid phasemethod. Then, the process proceeds to the step S4.

Filling with Second Electrolyte

In the step S4, the melt of the second electrolyte 32 a containing theforming materials of the second electrolyte portion 32 is filled in thepores of the second molded body. In this embodiment, as the secondelectrolyte 32 a, Li_(2.2)C_(0.8)B_(0.2)O₃ (hereinafter also referred toas “LCBO”) is used. First, the particles (powder) of LCBO are produced.Specifically, for example, Li₂CO₃ and Li₃BO₃ are mixed at a molar mixingratio of 4:1, and the resulting mixture is pressed into a tablet at apressure of 30 MPa for 2 minutes using the molding die 86 used in thestep S2. Thereafter, the tablet is placed in a high-temperature furnaceand fired at 650° C. for 4 hours, whereby a solid material of LCBO isproduced. This solid material is ground using a dry mill or the like,whereby LCBO particles (particles of the second electrolyte 32 a) as thepowder form are obtained.

Here, the melting point of the produced LCBO particles was measuredusing a thermal gravimetric-differential thermal analyzer TG-DTA 2000SA(product name, Bruker AXS GmbH), and as a result, it was about 685° C.The measurement conditions for the melting point will be described inExamples. The method for producing the second electrolyte 32 a in theform of particles is not limited to the above-mentioned method, and aknown method can be adopted.

Subsequently, the melt of the second electrolyte 32 a is impregnatedinto the second molded body. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 6E, thesecond molded body 9X is placed in a pot 90 through a support 89.Further, the second electrolyte 32 a in the form of particles is placedon the upper face 9 b (ceiling face) of the second molded body 9X.

The pot 90 is made of, for example, magnesium oxide, and the support 89is made of, for example, gold (Au). In this embodiment, a face (lowerface) opposed to the upper face 9 b of the second molded body 9X is asurface 9 a of the positive electrode 9 (see FIG. 1).

The mass of the second electrolyte 32 a to be placed on the upper face 9b is preferably set not less than a mass sufficient for filling up theplurality of pores of the second molded body 9X. Further, the upper face9 b may be defined as a face under which the active material portion 2is completely sunk in the first electrolyte portion 31. According tothis, the electrolyte layer 20 can be formed simultaneously with thepositive electrode 9 by adjusting the mass. In such a case, the upperface 9 b becomes one face 20 a of the electrolyte layer 20. In thisembodiment, the positive electrode 9 and the electrolyte layer 20 areformed simultaneously.

In the above-mentioned state, the second electrolyte 32 a in the form ofparticles alone or the whole including the second electrolyte 32 a inthe form of particles and the second molded body 9X is heated. Theheating temperature at this time can be arbitrarily set as long as theheating temperature is higher than the melting point of the secondelectrolyte 32 a and lower than the melting point of the firstelectrolyte portion 31. In this embodiment, the heating temperature isset to 700° C. Examples of a heating method include an electric mufflefurnace and laser annealing. A molded pellet is produced from the secondelectrolyte 32 a in the form of particles, and this molded pellet may beplaced on the second molded body 9X and then heated.

The second electrolyte 32 a is melted and transformed into a melt bybeing heated to a temperature above the melting point of the secondelectrolyte 32 a. The melt covers the entire second molded body 9X whilepenetrating the inside of the pores from the upper face 9 b of thesecond molded body 9X.

Here, the method for filling the second electrolyte 32 a in the secondmolded body 9X is not limited to the above-mentioned method in which themelt of the second electrolyte 32 a is penetrated. Examples of otherforming methods include immersion, dropping, spraying, penetration bycapillary phenomenon, and spin coating using a solution containing theprecursors of the second electrolyte 32 a, and by performing heating ina post-process, removal of the solvent in the solution and firing of thesecond electrolyte 32 a may be performed. Then, the process proceeds tothe step S5.

Formation of Positive Electrode

In the step S5, the melt of the second electrolyte 32 a and the secondmolded body 9X are allowed to cool, whereby the melt of the secondelectrolyte 32 a is solidified. At this time, the melt of the secondelectrolyte 32 a is solidified in a state where the melt is in contactwith the first electrolyte portion 31 provided on the surface of theactive material portion 2 in the second molded body 9X. In this manner,the positive electrode 9 in which the active material portion 2, thefirst electrolyte portion 31, and the second electrolyte portion 32 arecombined is formed.

The electrolyte 3 may be formed from the first electrolyte portion 31without using the second electrolyte portion 32. That is, in such acase, the voids of the second molded body 9X are filled by repeatedlyperforming the step S3, whereby the positive electrode 9 (compositebody) is formed. Then, the process proceeds to the step S6.

Formation of Negative Electrode

In the step S6, the negative electrode 30 is formed on one side of thepositive electrode 9, that is, on one face 20 a of the electrolyte layer20. As a method for forming the negative electrode 30, other than asolution process such as a so-called sol-gel method or an organometallicthermal decomposition method involving a hydrolysis reaction or the likeof an organometallic compound, a CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) methodusing an appropriate metal compound and an appropriate gas atmosphere,an ALD method, a green sheet method or a screen printing method using aslurry of solid electrolyte particles, an aerosol deposition method, asputtering method using an appropriate target and an appropriate gasatmosphere, a PLD (Pulsed Laser Deposition) method, a vacuum depositionmethod, plating, thermal spraying, or the like can be used. As a formingmaterial of the negative electrode 30, the above-mentioned negativeelectrode active material can be adopted, and in this embodiment,lithium (Li) metal is used. Then, the process proceeds to the step S7.

Formation of First Current Collector

In the step S7, first, the face (lower face) opposed to the face (oneface 20 a) on which the electrolyte layer 20 is formed of the positiveelectrode 9 is polished. At this time, by a polishing process, theactive material portion 2 is reliably exposed to form the surface 9 a.By doing this, electrical connection between the active material portion2 and the first current collector 41 to be formed thereafter can beensured. In the case where the active material portion 2 is sufficientlyexposed on the lower face side of the positive electrode 9 in theabove-mentioned step, this polishing process may be omitted.

Subsequently, the first current collector 41 is formed on the surface 9a. Examples of a method for forming the first current collector 41include a method in which an appropriate adhesive layer is separatelyprovided to adhere the first current collector 41, a gas phasedeposition method such as a PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition) method, aCVD method, a PLD method, an ALD method, and an aerosol depositionmethod, and a wet method such as a sol-gel method, an organometallicthermal decomposition method, and plating, and an appropriate method canbe used according to the reactivity with the face on which the firstcurrent collector 41 is formed, an electrical conduction propertydesired for the electrical circuit, and the design of the electricalcircuit. Further, as a forming material of the first current collector41, the above-mentioned forming material can be adopted. By undergoingthe above-mentioned steps, the lithium battery 100 is produced.

As described above, by the electrolyte 3, the method for producing theelectrolyte 3, the lithium battery 100, and the method for producing thelithium battery 100 according to the above-mentioned embodiment, thefollowing effects can be obtained.

According to the electrolyte 3, even if firing is performed at 1000° C.or lower which is a relatively low temperature for the firingtemperature, the grain boundary resistance of crystal grains can bedecreased and also the lithium ion conduction property can be improved.Specifically, the first electrolyte portion 31 is a crystalline lithiumcomposite metal oxide having the compositional formula (1) as a basicstructure. That is, in the first electrolyte portion 31, lithium (Li)among the elements constituting the lithium composite metal oxide ispartially substituted with gallium (Ga). Accordingly, in the electrolyte3, the bulk lithium ion conductivity (grain bulk conductivity) can beimproved.

When lithium is partially substituted with gallium, there is a tendencythat coarse particles are likely to be generated. When many coarseparticles are present, the contact area between the particles isdecreased to decrease the lithium ion conduction property (total ionconductivity). Therefore, further, lanthanum (La) is partiallysubstituted with neodymium (Nd). By doing this, the generation of coarseparticles is suppressed, and the particle diameter can be decreased. Bydecreasing the particle diameter of the first electrolyte portion 31,the contact area between the particles is further increased when thefirst electrolyte portion 31 is compression molded to form theelectrolyte 3. Further, the small particles of the first electrolyteportion 31 gather densely to form the electrolyte 3, and therefore, thegrain boundary resistance can be decreased. Further, by partiallysubstituting lanthanum with neodymium, the dielectric constant of theelectrolyte 3 is increased, whereby the lithium ion conduction propertycan be further improved. That is, even if firing is performed at a lowtemperature of 1000° C. or lower, the electrolyte 3 in which the grainboundary resistance is decreased and the lithium ion conduction propertyis improved as compared with the related art can be provided.

Since the crystalline first electrolyte portion 31 represented by thecompositional formula (1) is formed, the electrolyte 3 in which thegrain boundary resistance is decreased and the lithium ion conductionproperty is improved can be produced. Since the first electrolyteportion 31 is formed by a liquid phase method, the crystal grain of thefirst electrolyte portion 31 is crystallized from the solution of themixture, and therefore, as compared with a solid phase method, themicronization of the crystal grain is facilitated. Further, by the firstheating treatment, the solvent contained in the mixture or an organicsubstance such as an impurity is decomposed and reduced. Therefore, inthe second heating treatment, the purity is increased and the firstelectrolyte portion 31 can be formed. Further, by setting thetemperature of the heating treatment to 1000° C. or lower, theoccurrence of a side reaction at the crystal grain boundary orvolatilization of lithium can be suppressed. Accordingly, theelectrolyte 3 in which the lithium ion conduction property is furtherimproved can be produced.

Since the amorphous second electrolyte portion 32 is formed, thecrystalline first electrolyte portion 31 is joined to the secondelectrolyte portion 32, and therefore, the resistance occurring at thecrystal interface of the first electrolyte portion 31 is furtherdecreased. In addition, the lithium ion conduction property of theelectrolyte 3 can be further improved.

Since LCBO is used for the second electrolyte portion 32, the amorphoussecond electrolyte portion 32 is easily formed, and therefore, thelithium ion conduction property of the electrolyte 3 can be stillfurther improved.

By coating the surface with BaTiO₃ or LiNbO₃, the interfacial resistancein the active material 2 b (active material portion 2) can be decreased.

Since the electrolyte 3 is formed by bringing the melt of LCBO intocontact with the first electrolyte portion 31, the amorphous secondelectrolyte portion 32 is easily formed in contact with the firstelectrolyte portion 31, and therefore, the electrolyte 3 in which thelithium ion conduction property is still further improved can beproduced.

Since the electrolyte 3 in which the grain boundary resistance isdecreased and the lithium ion conduction property is improved is used,the lithium battery 100 having improved charge-discharge characteristicscan be formed. Since the active material 2 b (positive electrode activematerial) to serve as a lithium supply source is included, thecharge-discharge characteristics of the lithium battery 100 can befurther improved. Further, the capacity of the lithium battery 100 canbe increased as compared with the related art.

The second molded body is produced by forming the first electrolyteportion 31 in the inside including the surface of the active materialportion 2 which includes the active material 2 b by a liquid phasemethod. Further, the positive electrode 9 is produced by filling themelt of the second electrolyte 32 a in the inside including the surfaceof the second molded body. Therefore, the positive electrode 9 is formedsuch that the active material 2 b and the first electrolyte portion 31are in contact with each other, and the first electrolyte portion 31 andthe second electrolyte portion 32 are in contact with each other. Thepositive electrode 9 having such a configuration can be easily produced,and also the lithium battery 100 in which the grain boundary resistanceof the electrolyte 3 is decreased and the lithium ion conductionproperty is improved by the configuration can be produced.

By the first heating treatment, the solvent contained in the mixture oran organic substance such as an impurity is decomposed and reduced.Therefore, in the second heating treatment, the purity is increased andthe first electrolyte portion 31 can be formed. Further, by setting thetemperature of the heating treatment to 1000° C. or lower, theoccurrence of a side reaction at the crystal grain boundary orvolatilization of lithium can be suppressed. Accordingly, the lithiumbattery 100 in which the lithium ion conduction property is furtherimproved can be produced.

Next, the effects of the above-mentioned embodiment will be morespecifically described by showing Examples and Comparative Examples withrespect to a solid electrolyte as the electrolyte according to theabove-mentioned embodiment. FIG. 7 is a table showing the compositionsand firing conditions of solid electrolytes, etc. according to Examplesand Comparative Examples. In the weight measurement in the followingexperiment, the weight was measured to the first decimal place using ananalytical balance ME204T (Mettler Toledo International, Inc.).

EXAMPLES AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES

Preparation of Metal Compound Solutions

First, by using a lithium compound, a gallium compound, a lanthanumcompound, a neodymium compound, a calcium compound, a zirconiumcompound, and a solvent, the following metal compound solutions wereprepared as metal element sources containing the metal compounds,respectively.

2-Butoxyethanol Solution of 1 mol/kg Lithium Nitrate

In a 30-g reagent bottle made of Pyrex (trademark of CorningIncorporated) equipped with a magnetic stirrer bar, 1.3789 g of lithiumnitrate (Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., 3N5) with a purity of 99.95% and18.6211 g of 2-butoxyethanol (ethylene glycol monobutyl ether) (KantoChemical Co., Inc., Cica Special Grade) were weighed. Then, the bottlewas placed on a magnetic stirrer with a hot plate function, and lithiumnitrate was completely dissolved in 2-butoxyethanol while stirring at190° C. for 1 hour. The resulting solution was gradually cooled to roomtemperature (about 20° C.), whereby a 2-butoxyethanol solution of 1mol/kg lithium nitrate was obtained. The purity of lithium nitrate canbe measured using an ion chromatography-mass spectrometer.

Ethyl Alcohol Solution of 1 Mol/Kg Gallium Nitrate n-Hydrate

In a 20-g reagent bottle made of Pyrex equipped with a magnetic stirrerbar, 3.5470 g of gallium nitrate n-hydrate (n=5.5, Kojundo ChemicalLaboratory Co., Ltd., 3N) and 6.4530 g of ethyl alcohol were weighed.Then, the bottle was placed on a magnetic stirrer with a hot platefunction, and gallium nitrate n-hydrate (n=5.5) was completely dissolvedin ethyl alcohol while stirring at 90° C. for 1 hour. The resultingsolution was gradually cooled to room temperature, whereby an ethylalcohol solution of 1 mol/kg gallium nitrate n-hydrate (n=5.5) wasobtained. The hydration number n of the used gallium nitrate n-hydratewas 5.5 from the result of mass loss by a combustion experiment.

2-Butoxyethanol Solution of 1 Mol/Kg Lanthanum Nitrate Hexahydrate

In a 30-g reagent bottle made of Pyrex equipped with a magnetic stirrerbar, 8.6608 g of lanthanum nitrate hexahydrate (Kanto Chemical Co.,Inc., 4N) and 11.3392 g of 2-butoxyethanol were weighed. Then, thebottle was placed on a magnetic stirrer with a hot plate function, andlanthanum nitrate hexahydrate was completely dissolved in2-butoxyethanol while stirring at 140° C. for 30 minutes. The resultingsolution was gradually cooled to room temperature, whereby a2-butoxyethanol solution of 1 mol/kg lanthanum nitrate hexahydrate wasobtained.

2-Butoxyethanol Solution of 1 Mol/Kg Neodymium Nitrate, Hydrous

In a 20-g reagent bottle made of Pyrex equipped with a magnetic stirrerbar, 4.2034 g of neodymium nitrate, hydrous (n=5, Kojundo ChemicalLaboratory Co., Ltd., 4N) and 5.7966 g of 2-butoxyethanol were weighed.Then, the bottle was placed on a magnetic stirrer with a hot platefunction, and neodymium nitrate, hydrous (n=5) was completely dissolvedin 2-butoxyethanol while stirring at 140° C. for 30 minutes. Theresulting solution was gradually cooled to room temperature, whereby a2-butoxyethanol solution of 1 mol/kg neodymium nitrate, hydrous (n=5)was obtained. The hydration number n of the used neodymium nitrate,hydrous was 5 from the result of mass loss by a combustion experiment.

2-Butoxyethanol Solution of 1 Mol/Kg Calcium Nitrate Tetrahydrate

In a 20-g reagent bottle made of Pyrex equipped with a magnetic stirrerbar, 2.3600 g of calcium nitrate tetrahydrate (Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.,3N) and 7.6400 g of 2-butoxyethanol were weighed. Then, the bottle wasplaced on a magnetic stirrer with a hot plate function, and calciumnitrate tetrahydrate was completely dissolved in 2-butoxyethanol whilestirring at 100° C. for 30 minutes. The resulting solution was graduallycooled to room temperature, whereby a 2-butoxyethanol solution of 1mol/kg calcium nitrate tetrahydrate was obtained.

Butanol Solution of 1 Mol/Kg Zirconium Tetra-n-Butoxide

In a 20-g reagent bottle made of Pyrex equipped with a magnetic stirrerbar, 3.8368 g of zirconium tetra-n-butoxide (Wako Pure ChemicalIndustries, Ltd.) and 6.1632 g of butanol (n-butanol) were weighed.Then, the bottle was placed on a magnetic stirrer, and zirconiumtetra-n-butoxide was completely dissolved in butanol while stirring atroom temperature for 30 minutes, whereby a butanol solution of 1 mol/kgzirconium tetra-n-butoxide was obtained.

Preparation of Mixture

Subsequently, in Examples 1 to 5c (hereinafter also simply referred toas “Examples”) and Comparative Examples 1a to 4 (hereinafter also simplyreferred to as “Comparative Examples”), according to the compositions ofthe first electrolyte portions shown in FIG. 7, solutions containing theprecursors of the first electrolyte portion and the second electrolyteportion as mixtures were prepared.

Solution Containing Precursors ofLi_(5.5)Ga_(0.5)La_(2.99)Nd_(0.01)Zr₂O₁₂ of Example 1

In Example 1, a solution containing the precursors ofLi_(5.5)Ga_(0.5)La_(2.99)Nd_(0.01)Zr₂O₁₂ was prepared. First, in a glassbeaker, 6.6000 g of the 2-butoxyethanol solution of 1 mol/kg lithiumnitrate, 0.5000 g of the ethyl alcohol solution of 1 mol/kg galliumnitrate n-hydrate, 2.9900 g of the 2-butoxyethanol solution of 1 mol/kglanthanum nitrate hexahydrate, 0.0100 g of the 2-butoxyethanol solutionof 1 mol/kg neodymium nitrate, hydrous (n=5), and 2.0000 g of thebutanol solution of 1 mol/kg zirconium tetra-n-butoxide were weighed,and a magnetic stirrer bar was placed therein. Subsequently, stirringwas performed at room temperature for 30 minutes using a magneticstirrer, whereby a mixture of Example 1 was obtained.

Solution Containing Precursors ofLi_(5.5)Ga_(0.5)La_(2.96)Nd_(0.04)Zr₂O₁₂ of Examples 2a and 2b

In Examples 2a and 2b, a solution containing the precursors ofLi_(5.5)Ga_(0.5)La_(2.96)Nd_(0.04)Zr₂O₁₂ was prepared. First, in a glassbeaker, 6.6000 g of the 2-butoxyethanol solution of 1 mol/kg lithiumnitrate, 0.5000 g of the ethyl alcohol solution of 1 mol/kg galliumnitrate n-hydrate, 2.9600 g of the 2-butoxyethanol solution of 1 mol/kglanthanum nitrate hexahydrate, 0.0400 g of the 2-butoxyethanol solutionof 1 mol/kg neodymium nitrate, hydrous (n=5), and 2.0000 g of thebutanol solution of 1 mol/kg zirconium tetra-n-butoxide were weighed,and a magnetic stirrer bar was placed therein. Subsequently, stirringwas performed at room temperature for 30 minutes using a magneticstirrer, whereby a mixture of Examples 2a and 2b was obtained.

Solution Containing Precursors ofLi_(5.5)Ga_(0.5)La_(2.96)Nd_(0.04)Zr₂O₁₂ of Example 2c

In Example 2c, a solution containing the precursors ofLi_(5.5)Ga_(0.5)La_(2.96)Nd_(0.04)Zr₂O₁₂ was prepared. First, in a glassbeaker, 7.1500 g of the 2-butoxyethanol solution of 1 mol/kg lithiumnitrate, 0.5000 g of the ethyl alcohol solution of 1 mol/kg galliumnitrate n-hydrate, 2.9600 g of the 2-butoxyethanol solution of 1 mol/kglanthanum nitrate hexahydrate, 0.0400 g of the 2-butoxyethanol solutionof 1 mol/kg neodymium nitrate, hydrous (n=5), and 2.0000 g of thebutanol solution of 1 mol/kg zirconium tetra-n-butoxide were weighed,and a magnetic stirrer bar was placed therein. Subsequently, stirringwas performed at room temperature for 30 minutes using a magneticstirrer, whereby a mixture of Example 2c was obtained.

Solution Containing Precursors ofLi_(6.7)Ga_(0.1)La_(2.95)Nd_(0.05)Zr₂O₁₂ of Examples 3a and 3b

In Examples 3a and 3b, a solution containing the precursors ofLi_(6.7)Ga_(0.1)La_(2.95)Nd_(0.05)Zr₂O₁₂ was prepared. First, in a glassbeaker, 8.0400 g of the 2-butoxyethanol solution of 1 mol/kg lithiumnitrate, 0.1000 g of the ethyl alcohol solution of 1 mol/kg galliumnitrate n-hydrate, 2.9500 g of the 2-butoxyethanol solution of 1 mol/kglanthanum nitrate hexahydrate, 0.0500 g of the 2-butoxyethanol solutionof 1 mol/kg neodymium nitrate, hydrous (n=5), and 2.0000 g of thebutanol solution of 1 mol/kg zirconium tetra-n-butoxide were weighed,and a magnetic stirrer bar was placed therein. Subsequently, stirringwas performed at room temperature for 30 minutes using a magneticstirrer, whereby a mixture of Examples 3a and 3b was obtained.

Solution Containing Precursors of Li₄Ga₁La_(2.95)Nd_(0.05)Zr₂O₁₂ ofExample 4

In Example 4, a solution containing the precursors ofLi₄Ga₁La_(2.95)Nd_(0.05)Zr₂O₁₂ was prepared. First, in a glass beaker,4.8000 g of the 2-butoxyethanol solution of 1 mol/kg lithium nitrate,1.0000 g of the ethyl alcohol solution of 1 mol/kg gallium nitraten-hydrate, 2.9500 g of the 2-butoxyethanol solution of 1 mol/kglanthanum nitrate hexahydrate, 0.0500 g of the 2-butoxyethanol solutionof 1 mol/kg neodymium nitrate, hydrous (n=5), and 2.0000 g of thebutanol solution of 1 mol/kg zirconium tetra-n-butoxide were weighed,and a magnetic stirrer bar was placed therein. Subsequently, stirringwas performed at room temperature for 30 minutes using a magneticstirrer, whereby a mixture of Example 4 was obtained.

Solution Containing Precursors of Li_(5.2)Ga_(0.6)La_(2.8)Nd_(0.2)Zr₂O₁₂of Examples 5a and 5b

In Examples 5a and 5b, a solution containing the precursors ofLi_(5.2)Ga_(0.6)La_(2.8)Nd_(0.2)Zr₂O₁₂ was prepared. First, in a glassbeaker, 6.2400 g of the 2-butoxyethanol solution of 1 mol/kg lithiumnitrate, 0.6000 g of the ethyl alcohol solution of 1 mol/kg galliumnitrate n-hydrate, 2.8000 g of the 2-butoxyethanol solution of 1 mol/kglanthanum nitrate hexahydrate, 0.2000 g of the 2-butoxyethanol solutionof 1 mol/kg neodymium nitrate, hydrous (n=5), and 2.0000 g of thebutanol solution of 1 mol/kg zirconium tetra-n-butoxide were weighed,and a magnetic stirrer bar was placed therein. Subsequently, stirringwas performed at room temperature for 30 minutes using a magneticstirrer, whereby a mixture of Examples 5a and 5b was obtained.

Solution Containing Precursors of Li_(5.2)Ga_(0.6)La_(2.8)Nd_(0.2)Zr₂O₁₂of Example 5c

In Example 5c, a solution containing the precursors ofLi_(5.2)Ga_(0.6)La_(2.8)Nd_(0.2)Zr₂O₁₂ was prepared. First, in a glassbeaker, 6.7600 g of the 2-butoxyethanol solution of 1 mol/kg lithiumnitrate, 0.6000 g of the ethyl alcohol solution of 1 mol/kg galliumnitrate n-hydrate, 2.8000 g of the 2-butoxyethanol solution of 1 mol/kglanthanum nitrate hexahydrate, 0.2000 g of the 2-butoxyethanol solutionof 1 mol/kg neodymium nitrate, hydrous (n=5), and 2.0000 g of thebutanol solution of 1 mol/kg zirconium tetra-n-butoxide were weighed,and a magnetic stirrer bar was placed therein. Subsequently, stirringwas performed at room temperature for 30 minutes using a magneticstirrer, whereby a mixture of Example 5c was obtained.

Solution Containing Precursors ofLi_(5.5)Ga_(0.5)La_(2.79)Nd_(0.21)Zr₂O₁₂ of Comparative Examples 1a and1b

In Comparative Examples 1a and 1b, a solution containing the precursorsof Li_(5.5)Ga_(0.5)La_(2.79)Nd_(0.21)Zr₂O₁₂ was prepared. First, in aglass beaker, 6.6000 g of the 2-butoxyethanol solution of 1 mol/kglithium nitrate, 0.5000 g of the ethyl alcohol solution of 1 mol/kggallium nitrate n-hydrate, 2.7900 g of the 2-butoxyethanol solution of 1mol/kg lanthanum nitrate hexahydrate, 0.2100 g of the 2-butoxyethanolsolution of 1 mol/kg neodymium nitrate, hydrous (n=5), and 2.0000 g ofthe butanol solution of 1 mol/kg zirconium tetra-n-butoxide wereweighed, and a magnetic stirrer bar was placed therein. Subsequently,stirring was performed at room temperature for 30 minutes using amagnetic stirrer, whereby a mixture of Comparative Examples 1a and 1bwas obtained.

Solution Containing Precursors of Li_(5.5)Ga_(0.5)La₃Zr₂O₁₂ ofComparative Example 2

In Comparative Example 2, a solution containing the precursors ofLi_(5.5)Ga_(0.5)La₃Zr₂O₁₂ was prepared. First, in a glass beaker, 6.6000g of the 2-butoxyethanol solution of 1 mol/kg lithium nitrate, 0.5000 gof the ethyl alcohol solution of 1 mol/kg gallium nitrate n-hydrate,3.0000 g of the 2-butoxyethanol solution of 1 mol/kg lanthanum nitratehexahydrate, and 2.0000 g of the butanol solution of 1 mol/kg zirconiumtetra-n-butoxide were weighed, and a magnetic stirrer bar was placedtherein. Subsequently, stirring was performed at room temperature for 30minutes using a magnetic stirrer, whereby a mixture of ComparativeExample 2 was obtained. The mixture of Comparative Example 2 does notcontain neodymium (Nd).

Solution Containing Precursors ofLi_(5.5)Ga_(0.5)La_(2.96)Ca_(0.04)Zr₂O₁₂ of Comparative Examples 3a and3b

In Comparative Examples 3a and 3b, a solution containing the precursorsof Li_(5.5)Ga_(0.5)La_(2.96)Ca_(0.04)Zr₂O₁₂ was prepared. First, in aglass beaker, 6.6000 g of the 2-butoxyethanol solution of 1 mol/kglithium nitrate, 0.5000 g of the ethyl alcohol solution of 1 mol/kggallium nitrate n-hydrate, 2.9600 g of the 2-butoxyethanol solution of 1mol/kg lanthanum nitrate hexahydrate, 0.0400 g of the 2-butoxyethanolsolution of 1 mol/kg calcium nitrate tetrahydrate, and 2.0000 g of thebutanol solution of 1 mol/kg zirconium tetra-n-butoxide were weighed,and a magnetic stirrer bar was placed therein. Subsequently, stirringwas performed at room temperature for 30 minutes using a magneticstirrer, whereby a mixture of Comparative Examples 3a and 3b wasobtained. The mixture of Comparative Examples 3a and 3b does not containneodymium (Nd), but contains calcium (Ca) instead.

Solution Containing Precursors of Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ of Comparative Example 4

In Comparative Example 4, a solution containing the precursors ofLi₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ was prepared. First, in a glass beaker, 7.0000 g of the2-butoxyethanol solution of 1 mol/kg lithium nitrate, 3.0000 g of the2-butoxyethanol solution of 1 mol/kg lanthanum nitrate hexahydrate, and2.0000 g of the butanol solution of 1 mol/kg zirconium tetra-n-butoxidewere weighed, and a magnetic stirrer bar was placed therein.Subsequently, stirring was performed at room temperature for 30 minutesusing a magnetic stirrer, whereby a mixture of Comparative Example 4 wasobtained. The mixture of Comparative Example 4 does not contain gallium(Ga) or neodymium (Nd).

In the mixtures (the solutions containing the precursors) of Examplesand Comparative Examples, in consideration of the volatilization amount(release amount) of lithium by heating in a post-process, the2-butoxyethanol solution of 1 mol/kg lithium nitrate was blended in anamount 1.30 times the molar ratio with respect to each of thepredetermined theoretical compositions at the level of setting thebelow-mentioned firing temperature to 1000° C. (Examples 2c and 5c). Onthe other hand, at the other levels, the 2-butoxyethanol solution of 1mol/kg lithium nitrate was blended in an amount 1.20 times the molarratio with respect to each of the predetermined theoreticalcompositions. The other metal compound solutions were blended in anequimolar ratio with respect to the theoretical compositions.

Production of Solid Electrolyte Pellet

Solid electrolyte pellets (pellets of the first electrolyte portion) forevaluation are produced using the mixtures of Examples and ComparativeExamples prepared above. As the second electrolyte portion shown in FIG.7, those included in the electrolytes when producing the lithiumbatteries of Examples and Comparative Examples are shown. Thebelow-mentioned evaluation of the solid electrolyte pellet is theevaluation of the first electrolyte portion alone.

First, the solution containing the precursors is placed in a titaniumdish having an inner diameter of 50 mm and a height of 20 mm. This dishis placed on a hot plate and heated for 1 hour by setting the settemperature of the hot plate to 180° C. to remove the solvent.Subsequently, the dish is heated for 30 minutes by setting the settemperature of the hot plate to 360° C. to decompose most of thecontained organic components by combustion. Thereafter, the dish isheated for 1 hour by setting the set temperature of the hot plate to540° C. to burn and decompose the remaining organic components.Thereafter, the dish is gradually cooled to room temperature on the hotplate, whereby a 540° C.-calcined body is obtained.

Subsequently, the 540° C.-calcined body is transferred to an agatemortar and sufficiently ground and mixed. A 0.2000-g portion is weighedout of the mortar and pressed at a pressure of 0.624 kN/mm² (624 MPa)for 5 minutes using a molding die (a die with an exhaust port having aninner diameter of 10 mm), whereby a 540° C.-calcined body pellet (adisk-shaped molded material of the 540° C.-calcined body) is produced.

Then, the 540° C.-calcined body pellet is subjected to firing (mainfiring) under the firing conditions shown in FIG. 7. Specifically, the540° C.-calcined body pellet is placed in a pot made of magnesium oxide,the pot is covered with a lid made of magnesium oxide, and then, firingis performed under the respective firing conditions in an electricmuffle furnace FP311 (product name, Yamato Scientific Co., Ltd.). Thefiring conditions were set as follows: 800° C. for 9 hours in Examples2a and 5a and Comparative Example 3a, 1000° C. for 8 hours in Examples2c and 5c, and 900° C. for 8 hours in the other Examples and ComparativeExamples. Subsequently, the electric muffle furnace is gradually cooledto room temperature, and then, the pellet is taken out and used as asolid electrolyte pellet for evaluation having a diameter of about 9.5mm and a thickness of about 800 μm.

The above operation was performed for the solutions containing theprecursors of Examples and Comparative Examples, whereby the respectivesolid electrolyte pellets were produced. Since the solid electrolytes(first electrolyte portions) of Example 3b and Comparative Example 1bare the same as the first electrolyte portions of Example 3a andComparative Example 1a, respectively, the evaluation of the solidelectrolyte pellets was omitted.

Evaluation of Solid Electrolyte

Lithium Ion Conduction Property

With respect to each of the solid electrolyte pellets of Examples andComparative Examples, as the index of the lithium ion conductionproperty, the lithium ion conductivity was evaluated by the followingmethod.

A lithium electrode (non-ion blocking electrode) having a diameter of 8mm was produced by lithium vapor deposition on both front and back facesof the solid electrolyte pellet. Subsequently, by using an impedanceanalyzer SI 1260 (Solartron, Inc.), AC impedance measurement wasperformed. In the measurement, the AC amplitude was set to 10 mV and themeasurement frequency was set to 10⁷ Hz to 10⁻¹ Hz.

An explanation will be provided by using Comparative Example 2 as oneexample of a Cole-Cole plot which is an obtained impedance spectrum.FIG. 8 is a graph showing a Cole-Cole plot which is the impedancespectrum of Comparative Example 2. In FIG. 8, the horizontal axisrepresents the real component (Z′) of the impedance and the verticalaxis represents the imaginary component (Z″) of the impedance. Further,the grain bulk component of the spectrum is denoted by Z1, and the grainboundary component of the spectrum is denoted by Z2 in FIG. 8. Further,the dispersion of resistance in a low frequency region is caused by theion blocking electrode. With respect to the solid electrolyte pellets ofExamples and Comparative Examples, the lithium ion conductivities (thegrain bulk conductivity, the grain boundary conductivity, and the totalion conductivity) were calculated from Z1 and Z2 and shown in FIG. 9. Inthe impedance spectrum (Cole-Cole plot) of Comparative Example 4, thegrain bulk component and the grain boundary component were integratedand could not be separated. Therefore, in Comparative Example 4, onlythe total ion conductivity was calculated, and the symbol “-” is enteredin the columns of the grain bulk component and the grain boundarycomponent.

Raman Scattering Analysis

With respect to each of the solid electrolyte pellets of Examples andComparative Examples, Raman scattering analysis was performed.Specifically, a Raman scattering spectrum was obtained using a Ramanspectrometer S-2000 (JEOL Ltd.), and the crystal system of each solidelectrolyte pellet was confirmed. With respect to the crystal system, acubic crystal is denoted by “c”, a tetragonal crystal is denoted by “t”,and the coexistence of a tetragonal crystal and a cubic crystal isdenoted by “t+c” in FIG. 9.

XRD Analysis

With respect to each of the solid electrolyte pellets of Examples andComparative Examples, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed.Specifically, byproduction of impurities was examined using an X-raydiffractometer MRD (Philips). As representative examples, the X-raydiffraction charts of Example 1, Comparative Example 1a, and ComparativeExample 2 are shown in FIG. 10A, and the X-ray diffraction charts ofExample 2a and Comparative Example 3b are shown in FIG. 10B.

By production of impurities in the solid electrolyte pellet will bedescribed with reference to FIGS. 10A and 10B. FIG. 10A is a diagramshowing the X-ray diffraction charts of the solid electrolyte pellets ofExample 1, Comparative Example 1a, and Comparative Example 2. FIG. 10Bis a diagram showing the X-ray diffraction charts of the solidelectrolyte pellets of Example 2a and Comparative Example 3b. In FIGS.10A and 10B, the horizontal axis represents 20 and the vertical axisrepresents an intensity (Intensity (a.u.)).

As shown in FIG. 10A, in Example 1 and Comparative Example 2, onlydiffraction peaks based on a single garnet-type crystal structure wereobserved, and byproduction of impurities was not confirmed. On the otherhand, in Comparative Example 1a, diffraction peaks based on twogarnet-type crystal structures having different crystal lattices wereobserved, and therefore, byproduction of impurities was confirmed. Thecoexistence of impurities causes a decrease in the lithium ionconduction property.

As shown in FIG. 10B, in Example 2a and Comparative Example 3b, onlydiffraction peaks based on a single garnet-type crystal structure wereobserved, and byproduction of impurities was not confirmed.

Also with respect to the other Examples and Comparative Examples,byproduction of impurities was examined by performing X-ray diffractionanalysis as described above. The result, that is, the presence orabsence of byproduction of impurities is shown in FIG. 9.

The evaluation results of the solid electrolyte pellets described abovewill be described with reference to FIG. 9. FIG. 9 is a table showingthe evaluation results of lithium ion conductivities, crystal systems,and impurities according to Examples and Comparative Examples.

As shown in FIG. 9, in the case of the solid electrolyte pellets ofExamples 1 to 5c, the total ion conductivity was 1.0×10⁴ S/cm or more.It was found that in particular, also with respect to the total ionconductivities of Examples 2a and 5a in which the firing conditions wereset to 800° C. and 9 hours and the firing temperature was set lower thanthe other Examples, a total ion conductivity of 1.0×10⁴ S/cm wasensured. Further, in all the Examples for which evaluation wasperformed, the crystal system was a cubic crystal, and byproduction ofimpurities was not confirmed. From the above evaluation results, it wasshown that the solid electrolytes of Examples 1 to 5c have an excellentlithium ion conduction property and are suitable as a solid electrolyte.

On the other hand, in the case of the solid electrolyte pellets ofComparative Examples 1a to 4, the total ion conductivity was less than1.0×10⁴ S/cm except for Comparative Example 1a. It was also found thatin Comparative Example 3a, the coexistence of a tetragonal crystal and acubic crystal was confirmed, and in Comparative Example 4, the crystalsystem was a tetragonal crystal. Further, it was found that inComparative Example 1a, although the total ion conductivity was 1.0×10⁴S/cm or more, byproduction of impurities occurs. From the above results,it was found that the solid electrolytes of Comparative Examples 1a to 4are inferior to those of Examples.

Thermal Analysis

Next, with respect to the mixtures (the solutions containing theprecursors) of Example 2b and Comparative Example 3b, the tetragonalcrystal formation temperature, the tetragonal-cubic phase transitiontemperature, and the melting point were measured by thermal analysis.Specifically, by using the above-mentioned thermogravimetricdifferential thermal analyzer TG-DTA2000SA (product name, BrukerAXSGmbH), about 25 mg of the mixture was weighed out in an alumina samplepan. The blank level was defined as the sample pan in an empty state.The measurement temperature conditions were set as follows. First, thetemperature was increased from 25° C. to 1300° C. (temperatureincreasing rate: 10° C./min), and then maintained at 1300° C. for 10minutes, and thereafter decreased to 25° C. (temperature decreasingrate: 20° C./min). The measurement atmosphere was a dry air atmosphere(flow rate: 100 mL/min). The measurement was performed under theabove-mentioned measurement conditions.

From the TG-DTA charts obtained by the above-mentioned TG-DTAmeasurement, the tetragonal crystal formation temperature, thetetragonal-cubic phase transition temperature, and the melting pointwere calculated and shown in FIG. 11. FIG. 11 is a table showing theTG-DTA measurement results of Example 2b and Comparative Example 3b.

As shown in FIG. 11, the tetragonal crystal formation temperature andthe melting point of Example 2b are closer to those of ComparativeExample 3b, however, the tetragonal-cubic phase transition temperatureof Example 2b is lower than that of Comparative Example 3b by about 50°C. This is derived from the fact that while the composition of the solidelectrolyte of Comparative Example 3b isLi_(5.5)Ga_(0.5)La_(2.96)Ca_(0.04)Zr₂O₁₂, the composition of the solidelectrolyte of Example 2b is a composition in which calcium (Ca) hasbeen substituted with neodymium (Nd)(Li_(5.5)Ga_(0.5)La_(2.96)Nd_(0.04)Zr₂O₁₂). That is, by substitutingcalcium (Ca) with neodymium (Nd), the tetragonal-cubic phase transitiontemperature can be lowered. By the lowering of the tetragonal-cubicphase transition temperature, the bulk growth in the solid electrolyteis enhanced, and the ion conductivity at a grain boundary (grainboundary conductivity) is improved. As shown in FIG. 9, this is alsoobvious from the result in which the grain boundary conductivity was1.0×10⁴ S/cm in Comparative Example 3b, but was improved to 2.6×10⁴ S/cmin Example 2b.

Production of Lithium Battery

Lithium batteries were produced by the above-mentioned production methodusing the mixtures (the solutions containing the precursors) of Examplesand Comparative Examples. Specifically, LiCoO₂ was used as the positiveelectrode active material, a lithium foil (thickness: about 150 μm) wasused as the negative electrode, and a copper foil (thickness: about 100μm) was used as the first current collector and the second currentcollector. The thickness of the positive electrode was set to about 150μm, the thickness of the electrolyte layer was set to about 15 μm, andthe effective diameter was set to about 8 mm. The electrolytes (thecompositions of the first electrolyte portions, the firing conditions,etc.) constituting the lithium batteries are as shown in FIG. 7. InExample 3b and Comparative Example 1b, the electrolyte was formed fromonly the first electrolyte portion by repeatedly performing theformation of the second molded body (step S3) without forming the secondelectrolyte portion. Further, in Example 2c and Example 5c, a coatingwas applied to the active material LiCoO₂ using the above-mentionedLiNbO₃ and BaTiO₃, respectively. Hereinafter, a detailed method thereforwill be described. First, metal compound solutions for preparing acoating agent are prepared.

2-Butoxyethanol Solution of 0.05 Mol/Kg Lithium Nitrate

In a 100-g reagent bottle made of Pyrex (trademark of CorningIncorporated) equipped with a magnetic stirrer bar, 0.1724 g of lithiumnitrate (Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., 3N5) with a purity of 99.95% and49.8276 g of 2-butoxyethanol (ethylene glycol monobutyl ether) (KantoChemical Co., Inc., Cica Special Grade) were weighed. Then, the bottlewas placed on a magnetic stirrer with a hot plate function pre-heated to160° C., and stirring was performed at 350 rpm for 30 minutes untillithium nitrate was completely dissolved. Thereafter, the resultingsolution was gradually cooled to room temperature (about 20° C.),whereby a 2-butoxyethanol solution of 0.05 mol/kg lithium nitrate wasobtained.

2-Butoxyethanol Solution of 0.05 mol/kg Niobium Pentaethoxide

In a 100-g reagent bottle made of Pyrex (trademark of CorningIncorporated) equipped with a magnetic stirrer bar, 0.7955 g of niobiumpentaethoxide (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) and 49.2045 g of2-butoxyethanol (ethylene glycolmonobutyl ether) (Kanto Chemical Co.,Inc., Cica Special Grade) were weighed. Then, the bottle was placed on amagnetic stirrer, and stirring was performed at 350 rpm for 10 minutesat room temperature (about 20° C.) until niobium pentaethoxide wascompletely dissolved. By doing this, a 2-butoxyethanol solution of 0.05mol/kg niobium pentaethoxide was obtained.

Acetic Acid Solution of 1 Mol/Kg Barium Acetate

In a 10-g reagent bottle made of Pyrex (trademark of CorningIncorporated) equipped with a magnetic stirrer bar, 0.5108 g of bariumacetate (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Reagent Special Grade) and1.4892 g of acetic acid (Kanto Chemical Co., Inc., Special Grade) wereweighed. Then, the bottle was placed on a magnetic stirrer with a hotplate function pre-heated to 120° C., and stirring was performed at 350rpm for 30 minutes until barium acetate was completely dissolved. Bydoing this, an acetic acid solution of 1 mol/kg barium acetate wasobtained.

Acetic Acid 2-Butoxyethanol Solution of 0.5 Mol/Kg Barium Acetate

In a 10-g reagent bottle made of Pyrex (trademark of CorningIncorporated) equipped with a magnetic stirrer bar, 2.0000 g of theacetic acid solution of 1 mol/kg barium acetate and 2.0000 g of2-butoxyethanol (ethylene glycol monobutyl ether) (Kanto Chemical Co.,Inc., Cica Special Grade) were weighed. Then, the bottle was placed on amagnetic stirrer, and stirring was performed at 350 rpm for 10 minutesat room temperature (about 20° C.) so as to achieve sufficient mixing.By doing this, an acetic acid 2-butoxyethanol solution of 0.5 mol/kgbarium acetate was obtained.

2-Butoxyethanol Solution of 0.5 Mol/Kg Titanium Tetraisopropoxide

In a 20-g reagent bottle made of Pyrex (trademark of CorningIncorporated) equipped with a magnetic stirrer bar, 0.5861 g of titaniumtetraisopropoxide (purity: 97 mass %, Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.) and 3.4139g of 2-butoxyethanol (ethylene glycol monobutyl ether) (Kanto ChemicalCo., Inc., Cica Special Grade) were weighed. Then, the bottle was placedon a magnetic stirrer, and stirring was performed at 350 rpm for 10minutes at room temperature (about 20° C.) until titaniumtetraisopropoxide was completely dissolved. By doing this, a2-butoxyethanol solution of 0.5 mol/kg titanium tetraisopropoxide wasobtained.

Subsequently, a coating agent is prepared from the prepared metalcompound solutions.

Preparation of LiNbO₃ Coating Agent for Example 2c

Subsequently, as an LiNbO₃ coating agent, a 2-butoxyethanol solution of0.05 mol/kg lithium niobate was prepared. Specifically, in a 50-greagent bottle made of Pyrex (trademark of Corning Incorporated)equipped with a magnetic stirrer bar, 4.5000 g of the 2-butoxyethanolsolution of 0.05 mol/kg lithium nitrate, 5.0000 g of the 2-butoxyethanolsolution of 0.05 mol/kg niobium pentaethoxide, and 0.0340 g of Triton(registered trademark) X-100 (trade name, MP Biomedicals, Inc.) as anonionic surfactant were weighed. Then, the bottle was placed on amagnetic stirrer, and stirring was performed at 350 rpm for 10 minutesat room temperature (about 20° C.) so as to achieve sufficient mixing.By doing this, a 2-butoxyethanol solution of 0.05 mol/kg lithium niobatewas obtained. In consideration of the single phase formation of LiNbO₃,the coating agent was prepared by setting the molar ratio of lithium(Li) to 0.90 times and the molar ratio of niobium (Nb) to 1 time.

Preparation of BaTiO₃ Coating Agent for Example 5c

Subsequently, as a BaTiO₃ coating agent, an acetic acid 2-butoxyethanolsolution of 0.5 mol/kg barium titanate was prepared. Specifically, in a50-g reagent bottle made of Pyrex (trademark of Corning Incorporated)equipped with a magnetic stirrer bar, 1.8000 g of the acetic acid2-butoxyethanol solution of 0.5 mol/kg barium acetate and 0.2723 g ofLDS (trade name, Acros Organics, Inc.) of an alkylsulfate ester salt asan anionic surfactant were weighed. Then, the bottle was placed on amagnetic stirrer with a hot plate function pre-heated to 120° C., andstirring was performed at 350 rpm for 30 minutes so as to achievesufficient mixing. Thereafter, the resulting solution was graduallycooled to room temperature (about 20° C.), and 2.0000 g of the2-butoxyethanol solution of 0.5 mol/kg titanium tetraisopropoxide wasweighed and added to the solution. Then, the bottle was placed on amagnetic stirrer, and stirring was performed at 350 rpm for 10 minutesat room temperature (about 20° C.) so as to achieve sufficient mixing.By doing this, an acetic acid 2-butoxyethanol solution of 0.5 mol/kgbarium titanate was obtained. In consideration of the single phaseformation of BaTiO₃, the coating agent was prepared by setting the molarratio of barium (Ba) to 0.9 times and the molar ratio of titanium (Ti)to 1 time.

Coating of Active Material in Example 2c

Subsequently, by using the LiNbO₃ coating agent, a coating was appliedto the active material LiCoO₂. Specifically, in a 50-g reagent bottlemade of Pyrex (trademark of Corning Incorporated) equipped with amagnetic stirrer bar, 9.5340 g of the 2-butoxyethanol solution of 0.05mol/kg lithium niobate and 10.0000 g of LiCoO₂ (5H, Nippon ChemicalIndustrial Co., Ltd.) in the form of particles were weighed. Then, thereagent bottle was placed in a table top ultrasonic cleaner US-1(product name, SND Co., Ltd.) storing water heated to 55° C. in a watertank, and an ultrasonic wave was applied to the reagent bottle for 2hours. Thereafter, the reagent bottle was taken out and centrifuged at10000 rpm for 15 minutes using a large centrifuge Suprema (registeredtrademark) 21 (product name, Tomy Seiko Co., Ltd.). Thereafter, thesupernatant solvent was removed, and the active material LiCoO₂particles having the coating agent attached to the surfaces wereseparated. The LiCoO₂ particles were transferred to a titanium dish andthe dish was placed on a hot plate, and the hot plate was heated to 90°C. and maintained for 30 minutes to evaporate the solvent of the coatingagent. Thereafter, the temperature of the hot plate was increased to360° C. and maintained for 30 minutes, thereby burning and decomposingthe organic components. Subsequently, the temperature of the hot platewas increased to 540° C. and maintained for 1 hour, thereby decomposingthe remaining organic substances and coating the surfaces of the LiCoO₂particles with LiNbO₃. Thereafter, the LiCoO₂ particles were graduallycooled to about 20° C., whereby the active material LiCoO₂ for Example2c coated with LiNbO₃ was obtained.

With respect to the obtained active material LiCoO₂ for Example 2c,X-ray diffraction analysis, TEM (transmission electron microscope)observation, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis were performed, and asa result, it was confirmed that an impurity phase is not observed in theLiNbO₃ coating. Further, the thickness of the coating was measured byTEM and found to be about 3 nm. The thickness of the coating can beadjusted by the concentrations of lithium (Li) and niobium (Nb) in thecoating agent.

Coating of Active Material in Example 5c

Subsequently, by using the BaTiO₃ coating agent, a coating was appliedto the active material LiCoO₂. Specifically, in a 50-g reagent bottlemade of Pyrex (trademark of Corning Incorporated) equipped with amagnetic stirrer bar, 19.0000 g of the acetic acid 2-butoxyethanolsolution of 0.5 mol/kg barium titanate and 10.0000 g of LiCoO₂ (5H,Nippon Chemical Industrial Co., Ltd.) in the form of particles wereweighed. Then, the reagent bottle was placed in a table top ultrasoniccleaner US-1 (product name, SND Co., Ltd.) storing water heated to 30°C. in a water tank, and an ultrasonic wave was applied to the reagentbottle for 2 hours. Thereafter, the reagent bottle was taken out andcentrifuged at 10000 rpm for 15 minutes using a large centrifuge Suprema(registered trademark) 21 (product name, Tomy Seiko Co., Ltd.).Thereafter, the supernatant solvent was removed, and the active materialLiCoO₂ particles having the coating agent attached to the surfaces wereseparated. The LiCoO₂ particles were transferred to a titanium dish andthe dish was placed on a hot plate, and the hot plate was heated to 90°C. and maintained for 30 minutes to evaporate the solvent of the coatingagent. Thereafter, the temperature of the hot plate was increased to360° C. and maintained for 30 minutes, thereby burning and decomposingthe organic components. Subsequently, the temperature of the hot platewas increased to 540° C. and maintained for 1 hour, thereby decomposingthe remaining organic substances and calcining BaTiO₃ attached to thesurfaces of the LiCoO₂ particles. Subsequently, firing was performed inthe atmosphere at 900° C. for 8 hours using an electric muffle furnaceFP311 (Yamato Scientific Co., Ltd.). Thereafter, the resulting materialwas gradually cooled to about 20° C., whereby the active material LiCoO₂for Example 5c coated with BaTiO₃ was obtained.

With respect to the obtained active material LiCoO₂ for Example 5c,X-ray diffraction analysis, TEM (transmission electron microscope)observation, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis were performed, and asa result, it was confirmed that an impurity phase is not observed in theBaTiO₃ coating. Further, it was found that BaTiO₃ particles with a sizeof about 50 nm cover approximately 50% of the surface of the activematerial LiCoO₂.

In Examples 2c and 5c in which the active material LiCoO₂ was producedby the above-mentioned method, lithium batteries were produced byperforming the subsequent production steps in the same manner as in theother Examples and Comparative Examples.

Evaluation of Battery Characteristics

With respect to the lithium batteries of Examples and ComparativeExamples, charge and discharge were performed in an environment at 25°C., and the discharge capacity retention was evaluated as an index ofthe battery characteristics. The charge and discharge conditions at thistime are shown in FIG. 12. FIG. 12 is a table showing the charge anddischarge conditions and the evaluation results of the lithium batteriesof Examples and Comparative Examples.

As shown in FIG. 12, in Example 2c, the charge and discharge currentswere set to 250 μA (charge and discharge rates: 0.5 C), and in Example5c, the charge and discharge currents were set to 500 μA (charge anddischarge rates: 1.0 C). In the other Examples and Comparative Examples,the charge and discharge currents were set to 100 μA (charge anddischarge rates: 0.2 C).

The charge and discharge capacities when the above-mentioned charge anddischarge were repeated were measured. Specifically, the charge anddischarge capacities at the initial time (1st cycle) and the charge anddischarge capacities after repeating 10 cycles of charge and discharge(10th cycle) were measured, and the discharge capacity retention afterthe 10th charge and discharge cycle with respect to the 1st charge anddischarge cycle was calculated. The results are shown in FIG. 12.

As shown in FIG. 12, it was found that in any of the lithium batteriesof Examples 1 to 5c, a discharge capacity retention of 90% or more canbe ensured. This showed that the lithium batteries of Examples havestable cycle characteristics and excellent battery characteristics.Further, in Examples 2c and 5c in which a coating was applied to thesurface of the active material, the discharge capacity retention was 95%although the charge and discharge conditions were made severer than theother Examples. That is, it was shown that by applying a coating ofLiNbO₃ or BaTiO₃ to the surface of the active material, the batterycharacteristics are further improved.

On the other hand, in the lithium batteries of Comparative Examples, itwas found that a discharge capacity retention of 80% cannot be ensured,and the cycle characteristics are not stable and the batterycharacteristics are poor as compared with Examples.

Second Embodiment

Method for Producing Battery

A method for producing a lithium battery as a battery according to thisembodiment will be described with reference to FIG. 13. FIG. 13 is aprocess flowchart showing a method for producing a lithium battery as abattery according to the second embodiment. In the production method ofthis embodiment, a method for producing a first electrolyte portion isincluded. The process flow shown in FIG. 13 is an example, and themethod is not limited thereto. Further, the same reference numerals areused for the same constituent components as those of the firstembodiment, and a repetitive description will be omitted.

The method for producing a lithium battery of this embodiment is aproduction method for directly forming a positive electrode as acomposite body from a calcined body which is a forming material of afirst electrolyte portion and an active material without forming a firstmolded body.

As shown in FIG. 13, the method for producing a lithium battery of thisembodiment includes the following steps. In a step S11, a mixture isprepared by mixing a plurality of types of raw materials containingelements constituting a lithium composite metal oxide represented by thefollowing compositional formula (1). In a step S12, a calcined body isproduced by subjecting the mixture to a first heating treatment. In astep S13, a mixed body is prepared by mixing the calcined body with anactive material. In a step S14, a positive electrode including acrystalline first electrolyte portion and the active material is formedby molding the mixed body, followed by performing a second heatingtreatment. In a step S15, an electrolyte layer is formed on one side ofthe positive electrode. In a step S16, a negative electrode is formedthrough the electrolyte layer so as to come into contact with theelectrolyte layer. In a step S17, a first current collector is formed onthe other side of the positive electrode.(Li_(7−3x)Ga_(x))(La_(3−y)Nd_(y))Zr₂O₁₂  (1)

In the formula (1), x and y satisfy the following formulae: 0.1≤x≤1.0and 0.01≤y≤0.2.

Preparation of Mixture

In the step S11 shown in FIG. 13, in the same manner as in the firstembodiment, a mixture containing the precursors as the raw materials ofa first electrolyte portion is prepared. Then, the process proceeds tothe step S12.

Production of Calcined Body

In the step S12, a calcined body is produced from the mixture.Specifically, the mixture is subjected to a first heating treatment,whereby removal of the solvent by volatilization and removal of theorganic components by combustion or thermal decomposition are performed.The heating temperature is set to 500° C. or higher and 650° C. orlower. Subsequently, a solid material of the obtained mixture is groundand mixed, whereby a calcined body in the form of a powder is produced.Then, the process proceeds to the step S13.

Preparation of Mixed Body

In the step S13, the calcined body in the form of a powder and an activematerial are mixed, whereby a mixed body is prepared. First, an activematerial is prepared. Also in this embodiment, in the same manner as inthe first embodiment, LiCoO₂ subjected to a classification operation isused as the active material. Here, a coating of LiNbO₃ or BaTiO₃ may beapplied to the active material in the same manner as in theabove-mentioned embodiment. Subsequently, 0.0550 g of the calcined bodyin the form of a powder and 0.0450 g of LiCoO₂ are sufficiently stirredand mixed, whereby 0.1000 g of a mixed body is formed. Then, the processproceeds to the step S14.

Formation of Positive Electrode

In the step S14, a positive electrode as a composite body is formed.Specifically, by using a molding die 86 (see FIG. 6C), the mixed body iscompression molded. For example, the mixed body is pressed at a pressureof 1019 MPa for 2 minutes using the molding die 86 (a die with anexhaust port having an inner diameter of 10 mm), whereby a disk-shapedmolded material (diameter: 10 mm, effective diameter: 8 mm, thickness:350 μm) of the mixed body is produced.

Thereafter, the disk-shaped molded material is placed on a substrate orthe like and is subjected to a second heating treatment. The heatingtemperature of the second heating treatment is set to 800° C. or higherand 1000° C. or lower, and sintering of the particles of the activematerial and formation of the crystalline first electrolyte portion arepromoted. The time of the heating treatment is preferably set to, forexample, 5 minutes or more and 36 hours or less, and is more preferably4 hours or more and 14 hours or less.

According to this, an active material portion is formed from the activematerial, whereby an electron transfer pathway is formed, and also apositive electrode in which the active material portion (activematerial) and the first electrolyte portion (electrolyte) are combinedis formed. Then, the process proceeds to the step S15.

Formation of Electrolyte Layer

In the step S15, an electrolyte layer is formed on one side of thepositive electrode. As a forming material of the electrolyte layer,other than the solid electrolyte to be contained in the firstelectrolyte portion or the second electrolyte portion of theabove-mentioned embodiment, for example, a known crystalline oramorphous solid electrolyte containing an oxide, a sulfide, a halide, anitride, a hydride, a boride, or the like is exemplified.

In the formation of the electrolyte layer, for example, other than asolution process such as a so-called sol-gel method or an organometallicthermal decomposition method involving a hydrolysis reaction or the likeof an organometallic compound, a CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) methodusing an appropriate metal compound and an appropriate gas atmosphere,an ALD (Atomic Layer Deposition) method, a green sheet method or ascreen printing method using a slurry of solid electrolyte particles, anaerosol deposition method, a sputtering method using an appropriatetarget and an appropriate gas atmosphere, a PLD (Pulsed LaserDeposition) method, a flux method using a melt or a solution, or thelike can be adopted.

The thickness of the electrolyte layer to be formed is preferably 0.1 μmor more and 100 μm or less, more preferably 0.2 μm or more and 10 μm orless. By setting the thickness of the electrolyte layer within the aboverange, the internal resistance of the electrolyte layer is decreased,and the occurrence of a short circuit between the positive electrode andthe negative electrode can be suppressed. On the face in contact withthe negative electrode of the electrolyte layer, a relief structure suchas a trench, a grating, or a pillar may be provided by combining variousmolding methods and processing methods as needed. Then, the processproceeds to the step S16.

Formation of Negative Electrode

In the step S16, a negative electrode is formed on one side of thepositive electrode through the electrolyte layer so as to come intocontact with the electrolyte layer. In the formation of the negativeelectrode, the same forming material and the same forming method as inthe above-mentioned embodiment can be adopted. Then, the processproceeds to the step S17.

Formation of First Current Collector

In the step S17, a first current collector is formed on the other sideof the positive electrode. In the formation of the first currentcollector, the same forming material and the same forming method as inthe above-mentioned embodiment can be adopted. For example, first, theface opposed to the face on which the negative electrode is formed ispolished. At this time, by a polishing process, the active materialportion is reliably exposed to form the surface. By doing this,electrical connection between the active material portion and the firstcurrent collector to be formed thereafter is ensured. In the case wherethe active material portion is sufficiently exposed on the face opposedto the face on which the negative electrode is formed of the positiveelectrode in the above-mentioned step, this polishing process may beomitted. Subsequently, the first current collector is formed using a gasphase deposition method, a wet method, or the like described above.According to this, the lithium battery of this embodiment is produced.

As described above, with the use of the method for producing a lithiumbattery according to this embodiment, in addition to the effects of thefirst embodiment, the following effect can be obtained. Since thepositive electrode is directly formed from the calcined body which isthe forming material of the first electrolyte portion and the activematerial, it is only necessary to perform the heating treatment at 800°C. or higher once, and so on, and the production step can be simplified.

Third Embodiment

Method for Producing Battery

A method for producing a lithium battery as a battery according to thisembodiment will be described with reference to FIG. 14. FIG. 14 is aprocess flowchart showing a method for producing a lithium battery as abattery according to the third embodiment. In the production method ofthis embodiment, a method for producing a first electrolyte portion isincluded. The process flow shown in FIG. 14 is an example, and themethod is not limited thereto. Further, the same reference numerals areused for the same constituent components as those of the firstembodiment, and a repetitive description will be omitted.

The method for producing a lithium battery of this embodiment is similarto that of the second embodiment in that the first molded body is notformed, but is different from that of the second embodiment in that amolded material is produced from an active material and a calcined bodywhich is a forming material of a first electrolyte portion, and acomposite body (positive electrode) is formed by filling the moldedmaterial with a second electrolyte.

As shown in FIG. 14, the method for producing a lithium battery of thisembodiment includes the following steps. In a step S21, a mixture isprepared by mixing a plurality of types of raw materials containingelements constituting a lithium composite metal oxide represented by thefollowing compositional formula (1). In a step S22, a calcined body isformed by subjecting the mixture to a first heating treatment. In a stepS23, a mixed body is prepared by mixing the calcined body with an activematerial. In a step S24, a molded material including a crystalline firstelectrolyte portion and the active material is produced by molding themixed body, followed by performing a second heating treatment. In a stepS25, the molded material is filled with the melt of a second electrolytecontaining lithium (Li), boron (B), and oxygen (O) by melting the secondelectrolyte by heating in a state where the second electrolyte isbrought into contact with the molded material. In a step S26, a positiveelectrode (composite body) including the crystalline first electrolyteportion, a second electrolyte portion, and the active material is formedby cooling the molded material filled with the melt of the secondelectrolyte. In a step S27, a negative electrode is formed on one sideof the positive electrode through an electrolyte layer. In a step S28, afirst current collector is formed on the other side of the positiveelectrode(Li_(7−3x)Ga_(x))(La_(3−y)Nd_(y))Zr₂O₁₂  (1)

In the formula (1), x and y satisfy the following formulae: 0.1≤x≤1.0and 0.01≤y≤0.2.

The step S21 and the step S22 correspond to the step S11 and the stepS12 of the second embodiment and are performed in the same manner as thestep S11 and the step S12, respectively.

In the step S23, a pore forming material may be added to the mixed body.By adding a pore forming material to the mixed body, a plurality ofpores are easily formed in the molded material to be produced in thestep S24. Therefore, it becomes possible to easily fill the melt of thesecond electrolyte in the formed pores. The amount of the pore formingmaterial to be added to the mixed body is adjusted so that the bulkdensity of the molded body becomes about 75% or more. The step S23 isperformed in the same manner as the step S13 of the second embodimentexcept for the above-mentioned operation.

In the step S24, a molded material is produced using the same method asthe step S14 of the second embodiment.

The step S25 to the step S28 are performed in the same manner as thestep S4 to the step S7 of the first embodiment. Here, in the step S27,before forming a negative electrode, an electrolyte layer may be formedon a face on which the negative electrode is to be formed of thepositive electrode.

As described above, with the use of the method for producing a lithiumbattery according to this embodiment, in addition to the effects of thefirst embodiment, the following effect can be obtained. Since the moldedmaterial is directly formed from the calcined body which is the formingmaterial of the first electrolyte portion and the active material, it isonly necessary to perform the heating treatment at 800° C. or higheronce, and so on, and the production step can be simplified.

Fourth Embodiment

Electronic Apparatus

An electronic apparatus according to this embodiment will be describedwith reference to FIG. 15. In this embodiment, a wearable apparatus willbe described as an example of the electronic apparatus. FIG. 15 is aschematic view showing a structure of a wearable apparatus as theelectronic apparatus according to the fourth embodiment.

As shown in FIG. 15, a wearable apparatus 400 of this embodiment is aninformation apparatus which is worn on, for example, the wrist WR of thehuman body using a band 310 like a watch, and obtains information on thehuman body. The wearable apparatus 400 includes a battery 305, a displayportion 325, a sensor 321, and a processing portion 330. As the battery305, the lithium battery according to the above-mentioned embodiment isused.

The band 310 has a belt-like shape using a resin having flexibility suchas rubber so as to come into close contact with the wrist WR when it isworn. In an end portion of the band 310, a binding portion (not shown)capable of adjusting the binding position according to the thickness ofthe wrist WR is provided.

The sensor 321 is disposed in the band 310 on the inner surface side(the wrist WR side) of the band 310 so as to come into contact with thewrist WR when it is worn. The sensor 321 obtains information on thepulse rate, the blood glucose level, or the like of the human body whenit comes into contact with the wrist WR, and outputs the information tothe processing portion 330. As the sensor 321, for example, an opticalsensor is used.

The processing portion 330 is incorporated in the band 310, and iselectrically connected to the sensor 321 and the display portion 325. Asthe processing portion 330, for example, an integrated circuit (IC) isused. The processing portion 330 performs arithmetic processing of thepulse rate, the blood glucose level, or the like based on the outputfrom the sensor 321, and outputs display data to the display portion325.

The display portion 325 displays the display data such as the pulse rateor the blood glucose level output from the processing portion 330. Asthe display portion 325, for example, a light-receiving type liquidcrystal display device is used. The display portion 325 is disposed onthe outer surface side (a side opposite to the inner surface on whichthe sensor 321 is disposed) of the band 310 so that a wearer can readthe display data when the wearer wears the wearable apparatus 400.

The battery 305 functions as a power supply source which supplies powerto the display portion 325, the sensor 321, and the processing portion330. The battery 305 is incorporated in the band 310 in an attachableand detachable manner.

According to the above configuration, the wearable apparatus 400 canobtain information on the pulse rate or the blood glucose level of awearer from the wrist WR and can display it as information such as thepulse rate or the blood glucose level through arithmetic processing orthe like. Further, to the wearable apparatus 400, the lithium batteryaccording to the above-mentioned embodiment having an improved lithiumion conduction property and a large battery capacity in spite of havinga small size is applied, and therefore, the weight can be reduced, andthe operating time can be extended. In addition, since the lithiumbattery according to the above-mentioned embodiment is anall-solid-state secondary battery, the battery can be repeatedly used bycharging, and also there is no concern about leakage of the electrolyticsolution or the like, and therefore, the wearable apparatus 400 whichcan be used safely for a long period of time can be provided.

In this embodiment, a watch-type wearable apparatus is illustrated asthe wearable apparatus 400, however, the apparatus is not limitedthereto. The wearable apparatus may be a wearable apparatus to be wornon, for example, the ankle, head, ear, waist, or the like.

The electronic apparatus to which the battery 305 (the lithium batteryaccording to the above-mentioned embodiment) is applied as the powersupply source is not limited to the wearable apparatus 400. As otherelectronic apparatuses, for example, a display to be worn on the headsuch as a head-mounted display, a head-up display, a portable telephone,a portable information terminal, a notebook personal computer, a digitalcamera, a video camera, a music player, a wireless headphone, a portablegaming machine, and the like can be exemplified. These electronicapparatuses may have another function, for example, a data communicationfunction, a gaming function, a recording and playback function, adictionary function, or the like.

Further, the electronic apparatus according to this embodiment is notlimited to those for general consumers and can also be applied toindustrial use. In addition, the apparatus to which the lithium batteryaccording to the above-mentioned embodiment is applied is not limited toelectronic apparatuses. For example, the lithium battery according tothe above-mentioned embodiment may be applied as a power supply sourcefor a moving object. Specific examples of the moving object includeautomobiles, motorcycles, forklifts, and flying objects such as unmannedplanes. According to this, a moving object including a battery having animproved ion conduction property as a power supply source can beprovided.

The invention is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiments andvarious changes, modifications, etc. can be added to the above-mentionedembodiments. Modification examples will be described below.

First Modification Example

A battery according to this modification example will be described withreference to FIG. 16. In this modification example, a lithium batterywill be described as an example of the battery. FIG. 16 is a schematiccross-sectional view showing a structure of a lithium battery as thebattery according to the first modification example.

As shown in FIG. 16, a lithium battery 200 of this modification exampleincludes a positive electrode 209, an electrolyte layer 220, and anegative electrode 230, which are sandwiched between a pair of currentcollectors 241 and 242.

The electrolyte layer 220 includes a crystalline first electrolyteportion 221 and an amorphous second electrolyte portion 222. The firstelectrolyte portion 221 and the second electrolyte portion 222 can beformed using the same forming material as the electrolyte of the firstembodiment.

As a method for forming the electrolyte layer 220, for example, a greensheet method can be adopted. Specifically, a sheet is formed byperforming calcination using a slurry containing raw materials of thefirst electrolyte portion 221 in the form of particles. The slurrycontains a binder, a pore forming material, and the like other than theraw materials of the first electrolyte portion 221. The sheet isrepeatedly dried and fired, and thereafter subjected to a heatingtreatment at a temperature of 800° C. or higher and 1000° C. or lower.Thereafter, the sheet is impregnated with the melt of a secondelectrolyte, whereby the second electrolyte portion 222 is formed. Inthis embodiment, the second electrolyte portion 222 is not an essentialcomponent, and the electrolyte layer 220 may be formed without formingthe second electrolyte portion 222.

According to this, the amorphous second electrolyte portion 222 isfilled between the particles of the first electrolyte portion 221 insidethe sheet.

As a method for forming the positive electrode 209, for example, a greensheet method can be adopted. Specifically, the positive electrode 209may be formed using the same positive electrode active material (activematerial 2 b) constituting the active material portion 2 as in the firstembodiment and stacked on the electrolyte layer 220 formed into a sheetshape. Similarly, as a method for forming the negative electrode 230,for example, by a green sheet method, the negative electrode 230 may beformed using the negative electrode active material constituting thenegative electrode 30 of the first embodiment and stacked on theelectrolyte layer 220 in the form of a sheet. The thus produced stackedbody in the form of a sheet in which the positive electrode 209, theelectrolyte layer 220, and the negative electrode 230 are stacked ispunched into a desire size and shape, whereby a battery cell in the formof a pellet is obtained.

Examples of a method for forming the current collectors 241 and 242 onthe battery cell include a method in which an appropriate adhesive layeris separately provided to adhere the current collectors 241 and 242, agas phase deposition method such as a PVD method, a CVD method, a PLDmethod, an ALD method, and an aerosol deposition method, and a wetmethod such as a sol-gel method, an organometallic thermal decompositionmethod, and plating, and an appropriate method can be used according tothe reactivity with the faces on which the current collectors 241 and242 are formed, an electrical conduction property desired for theelectrical circuit, and the design of the electrical circuit in the samemanner as in the first embodiment. Further, as a forming material of thecurrent collectors 241 and 242, the same forming material as in thefirst embodiment can be adopted. Both the current collectors 241 and 242are not necessarily essential, and a configuration in which either oneis included may be adopted.

According to the lithium battery 200 and the method for producing thelithium battery 200 described above, an excellent ion conductionproperty can be realized in the electrolyte layer 220, and therefore,the lithium battery 200 which is thin and has excellent batterycharacteristics and excellent mass productivity can be provided orproduced.

Second Modification Example

In a method for producing a battery according to this modificationexample, after forming an active material portion (first molded body)from an active material in the form of particles, a coating of BaTiO₃ orLiNbO₃ is applied to the surface of the active material portion. Thismodification example is different in this point from the firstembodiment in which a coating is applied to the active material in theform of particles. In this modification example, a coating of LiNbO₃will be described as an example.

First, a metal compound solution for preparing an LiNbO₃ coating agentis prepared. As a metal compound, a solvent, a surfactant, and the liketo be used in the coating agent, the same members as in the firstembodiment can be adopted. Here, in this modification example, theintended thickness of the coating to be applied to the active materialportion is set to about 20 nm, and therefore, the concentrations of thebelow-mentioned metal compound solutions and coating agent are sethigher than in the first embodiment. 2-Butoxyethanol Solution of 0.20mol/kg Lithium Nitrate

The concentration of a metal compound solution containing lithium (Li)(2-butoxyethanol solution of lithium nitrate) is changed from 0.05mol/kg, which is the concentration in the first embodiment, to 0.20mol/kg. Therefore, a 2-butoxyethanol solution of 0.20 mol/kg lithiumnitrate was obtained in the same manner as in the first embodimentexcept that the blending amount of lithium nitrate was increased.

2-Butoxyethanol Solution of 0.20 Mol/Kg Niobium Pentaethoxide

The concentration of a metal compound solution containing niobium (Nb)(2-butoxyethanol solution of niobium pentaethoxide) is changed from 0.05mol/kg, which is the concentration in the first embodiment, to 0.20mol/kg. Therefore, a 2-butoxyethanol solution of 0.20 mol/kg niobiumpentaethoxide was obtained in the same manner as in the first embodimentexcept that the blending amount of niobium pentaethoxide was increased.

Preparation of LiNbO₃ Coating Agent

Subsequently, as an LiNbO₃ coating agent, a 2-butoxyethanol solution of0.20 mol/kg lithium niobate was prepared. Specifically, in a 50-greagent bottle made of Pyrex (trademark of Corning Incorporated)equipped with a magnetic stirrer bar, 4.5000 g of the 2-butoxyethanolsolution of 0.20 mol/kg lithium nitrate, 5.0000 g of the 2-butoxyethanolsolution of 0.20 mol/kg niobium pentaethoxide, and 0.0340 g of Triton(registered trademark) X-100 (trade name, MP Biomedicals, Inc.) as anonionic surfactant were weighed. Then, the bottle was placed on amagnetic stirrer, and stirring was performed at 350 rpm for 10 minutesat room temperature (about 20° C.) so as to achieve sufficient mixing.By doing this, a 2-butoxyethanol solution of 0.20 mol/kg lithium niobatewas obtained. In consideration of the single phase formation of LiNbO₃,the coating agent was prepared by setting the molar ratio of lithium(Li) to 0.90 times and the molar ratio of niobium (Nb) to 1 time.

Formation of Active Material Portion

An active material portion is formed from an active material in the formof particles by a green sheet method. Specifically, as the activematerial, a slurry was prepared using LiCoO₂ subjected to aclassification operation in the same manner as in the first embodiment.Subsequently, an active material portion in the form of a sheet wasproduced from the slurry by performing a firing treatment at 950° C. for16 hours. At this time, the concentration of the slurry, the moldingconditions for the sheet, and the like are adjusted so that the activematerial portion in the form of a sheet has a bulk density of about 50%and a thickness of 150 μm. Thereafter, the active material portion inthe form of a sheet was processed into a pellet having a diameter of 10mm, whereby an LiCoO₂ pellet (active material portion) was obtained. Themethod for forming the active material portion is not limited to theabove-mentioned method, and the active material portion may be formedby, for example, compression molding the active material in the form ofparticles using the molding die used in the first embodiment, followedby performing a firing treatment.

Coating of Active Material Portion

The LiCoO₂ pellet is placed on a hot plate through a substrate made ofsilicon. By using a micropipette, 15 μL of the 2-butoxyethanol solutionof 0.20 mol/kg lithium niobate (coating agent) is dropped onto the upperface of the LiCoO₂ pellet. The coating agent penetrates the inside ofthe LiCoO₂ pellet by capillary phenomenon, and also wets and spreads soas to cover the entire LiCoO₂ pellet. Then, the temperature of the hotplate was increased to 90° C. and maintained for 15 minutes to evaporatethe solvent of the coating agent. Thereafter, the temperature of the hotplate was increased to 360° C. and maintained for 10 minutes, therebyburning and decomposing the organic components. Subsequently, thetemperature of the hot plate was increased to 540° C. and maintained for1 hour, thereby decomposing the remaining organic substances and coatingthe surface of the active material portion with LiNbO₃. Thereafter, theactive material portion was gradually cooled to about 20° C., wherebythe active material portion (LiCoO₂ pellet) coated with LiNbO₃ wasobtained. The thickness of the coating on the obtained active materialportion was measured by TEM (transmission electron microscope) and foundto be about 20 nm.

The method for applying the coating agent to the active material portionis not limited to the above-mentioned method. As the other applicationmethods, for example, immersion, spraying, spin coating, and the likeare exemplified.

It is possible to form a lithium battery in the same manner as in theabove-mentioned embodiment using the active material portion providedwith the coating.

According to this modification example, an operation such as dispersionof the active material particles in the coating agent, centrifugation,etc. in the first embodiment can be omitted.

Hereinafter, the contents derived from the embodiments will bedescribed.

An electrolyte includes a crystalline first electrolyte portion whichcontains a lithium composite metal oxide represented by the followingcompositional formula (1).(Li_(7−3x)Ga_(x))(La_(3−y)Nd_(y))Zr₂O₁₂  (1)

In the formula (1), x and y satisfy the following formulae: 0.1≤x≤1.0and 0.01≤y≤0.2.

According to this configuration, even if firing is performed at 1000° C.or lower which is a relatively low temperature for the firingtemperature, the grain boundary resistance of crystal grains can bedecreased and also the lithium ion conduction property can be improved.Specifically, the first electrolyte portion is a crystalline lithiumcomposite metal oxide having the compositional formula (1) as a basicstructure. That is, in the first electrolyte portion, lithium (Li) amongthe elements constituting the lithium composite metal oxide is partiallysubstituted with gallium (Ga). Accordingly, in the electrolyte, the bulklithium ion conductivity (grain bulk conductivity) can be improved.

When lithium is partially substituted with gallium, there is a tendencythat coarse particles are likely to be generated. When many coarseparticles are present, the contact area between the particles isdecreased to decrease the lithium ion conduction property (total ionconductivity). Therefore, further, lanthanum (La) is partiallysubstituted with neodymium (Nd). By doing this, the generation of coarseparticles is suppressed, and the particle diameter can be decreased. Bydecreasing the particle diameter of the first electrolyte portion, thecontact area between the particles is further increased when the firstelectrolyte portion is compression molded to form the electrolyte.Further, the small particles of the first electrolyte portion gatherdensely to form the electrolyte, and therefore, the grain boundaryresistance can be decreased. Further, by partially substitutinglanthanum with neodymium, the dielectric constant of the electrolyte isincreased, whereby the lithium ion conduction property can be furtherimproved. That is, even if firing is performed at a low temperature of1000° C. or lower, an electrolyte in which the grain boundary resistanceis decreased and the lithium ion conduction property is improved ascompared with the related art can be provided.

In the electrolyte, it is preferred that the electrolyte includes anamorphous second electrolyte portion which contains Li and is in contactwith the first electrolyte portion.

According to this configuration, the crystalline first electrolyteportion is joined to the amorphous second electrolyte portion, andtherefore, the resistance occurring at the crystal interface of thefirst electrolyte portion is further decreased. In addition, the lithiumion conduction property of the electrolyte can be further improved.

In the electrolyte, it is preferred that the second electrolyte portioncontains Li, B, and O.

According to this configuration, the amorphous second electrolyteportion is easily formed, and therefore, the lithium ion conductionproperty of the electrolyte can be still further improved.

A battery includes a composite body including the electrolyte and anactive material, an electrode on one side of the composite body, and acurrent collector on the other side of the composite body.

According to this configuration, the electrolyte in which the grainboundary resistance is decreased and the lithium ion conduction propertyis improved is used, and therefore, a battery having improvedcharge-discharge characteristics can be formed.

In the battery, it is preferred that the active material is a positiveelectrode active material containing Li.

According to this configuration, the positive electrode active materialto serve as a lithium supply source is included, and therefore, thecharge-discharge characteristics can be further improved. Further, thecapacity of the battery can be increased as compared with the relatedart.

An electronic apparatus includes the battery.

According to this configuration, an electronic apparatus including thebattery, which has improved charge-discharge characteristics, is small,and has high quality, as a power supply source can be provided.

A method for producing an electrolyte includes a step of preparing amixture by mixing a plurality of types of raw materials containingelements constituting a lithium composite metal oxide represented by thefollowing compositional formula (1), and a step of forming a crystallinefirst electrolyte portion by subjecting the mixture to a heatingtreatment.(Li_(7−3x)Ga_(x))(La_(3−y)Nd_(y))Zr₂O₁₂  (1)

In the formula (1), x and y satisfy the following formulae: 0.1≤x≤1.0and 0.01≤y≤0.2.

According to this configuration, an electrolyte in which the grainboundary resistance is decreased and the lithium ion conduction propertyis improved can be produced.

In the method for producing an electrolyte, it is preferred that themethod includes a step of dissolving the raw materials in a solvent, themixture contains the solvent, and the heating treatment includes a firstheating treatment in which the heating temperature is 500° C. or higherand 650° C. or lower, and a second heating treatment which is performedafter the first heating treatment, and in which the heating temperatureis 800° C. or higher and 1000° C. or lower.

According to this configuration, the first electrolyte portion is formedby a liquid phase method. The crystal grain of the first electrolyteportion is crystallized from the solution of the mixture, and therefore,as compared with a solid phase method, the micronization of the crystalgrain is facilitated. Further, by the first heating treatment, thesolvent contained in the mixture or an organic substance such as animpurity is decomposed and reduced. Therefore, in the second heatingtreatment, the purity is increased and the first electrolyte portion canbe formed. Further, by setting the temperature of the heating treatmentto 1000° C. or lower, the occurrence of a side reaction at the crystalgrain boundary or volatilization of lithium can be suppressed.Accordingly, an electrolyte in which the lithium ion conduction propertyis further improved can be produced.

In the method for producing an electrolyte, it is preferred that themethod includes a step of melting a second electrolyte containing Li, B,and O by heating in a state where the second electrolyte is brought intocontact with the first electrolyte portion, and a step of forming asecond electrolyte portion which is in contact with the firstelectrolyte portion by cooling the melt of the second electrolyte.

According to this configuration, the amorphous second electrolyteportion is easily formed in contact with the first electrolyte portion,and therefore, the electrolyte in which the lithium ion conductionproperty is still further improved can be produced.

A method for producing a battery includes a step of preparing a mixtureby dissolving a plurality of types of raw materials containing elementsconstituting a lithium composite metal oxide represented by thefollowing compositional formula (1) in a solvent, followed by mixing, astep of forming a first molded body using an active material, a step offorming a composite body which includes the first molded body and acrystalline first electrolyte portion obtained after a reaction bysubjecting the mixture to a heating treatment in a state of beingimpregnated into the first molded body to cause a reaction, a step offorming an electrode on one side of the composite body, and a step offorming a current collector on the other side of the composite body.(Li_(7−3x)Ga_(x))(La_(3−y)Nd_(y))Zr₂O₁₂  (1)

In the formula (1), x and y satisfy the following formulae: 0.1≤x≤1.0and 0.01≤y≤0.2.

According to this configuration, the composite body is produced byforming the first electrolyte portion in the inside including thesurface of the first molded body which includes the active material by aliquid phase method. Therefore, the composite body is formed such thatthe active material and the first electrolyte portion are in contactwith each other. The composite body having such a configuration can beeasily produced, and also a battery in which the grain boundaryresistance of the electrolyte is decreased and the lithium ionconduction property is improved by the configuration can be produced.

A method for producing a battery includes a step of preparing a mixtureby dissolving a plurality of types of raw materials containing elementsconstituting a lithium composite metal oxide represented by thefollowing compositional formula (1) in a solvent, followed by mixing, astep of forming a first molded body using an active material, a step offorming a second molded body which includes the first molded body and acrystalline first electrolyte portion obtained after a reaction bysubjecting the mixture to a heating treatment in a state of beingimpregnated into the first molded body to cause a reaction, a step offilling the second molded body with the melt of a second electrolytecontaining Li, B, and O by melting the second electrolyte by heating ina state where the second electrolyte is brought into contact with thesecond molded body, a step of forming a composite body which includesthe first electrolyte portion, a second electrolyte portion, and theactive material by cooling the second molded body filled with the meltof the second electrolyte, a step of forming an electrode on one side ofthe composite body, and a step of forming a current collector on theother side of the composite body.(Li_(7−3x)Ga_(x))(La_(3−y)Nd_(y))Zr₂O₁₂  (1)

In the formula (1), x and y satisfy the following formulae: 0.1≤x≤1.0and 0.01≤y≤0.2.

According to this configuration, the second molded body is produced byforming the first electrolyte portion in the inside including thesurface of the first molded body which includes the active material by aliquid phase method. Further, the composite body is produced by fillingthe melt of the second electrolyte in the inside including the surfaceof the second molded body. Therefore, the composite body is formed suchthat the active material and the first electrolyte portion are incontact with each other, and the first electrolyte portion and thesecond electrolyte portion are in contact with each other. The compositebody having such a configuration can be easily produced, and also abattery in which the grain boundary resistance of the electrolyte isdecreased and the lithium ion conduction property is improved by theconfiguration can be produced.

In the method for producing a battery, it is preferred that the heatingtreatment includes a first heating treatment in which the heatingtemperature is 500° C. or higher and 650° C. or lower, and a secondheating treatment which is performed after the first heating treatment,and in which the heating temperature is 800° C. or higher and 1000° C.or lower.

According to this configuration, by the first heating treatment, thesolvent contained in the mixture or an organic substance such as animpurity is decomposed and reduced. Therefore, in the second heatingtreatment, the purity is increased and the first electrolyte portion canbe formed. Further, by setting the temperature of the heating treatmentto 1000° C. or lower, the occurrence of a side reaction at the crystalgrain boundary or volatilization of lithium can be suppressed.Accordingly, a battery in which the lithium ion conduction property isfurther improved can be produced.

A method for producing a battery includes a step of preparing a mixtureby mixing a plurality of types of raw materials containing elementsconstituting a lithium composite metal oxide represented by thefollowing compositional formula (1), a step of producing a calcined bodyby subjecting the mixture to a first heating treatment, a step ofpreparing a mixed body by mixing the calcined body with an activematerial, a step of forming a composite body which includes acrystalline first electrolyte portion and the active material by moldingthe mixed body, followed by performing a second heating treatment, astep of forming an electrode on one side of the composite body, and astep of forming a current collector on the other side of the compositebody.(Li_(7−3x)Ga_(x))(La_(3−y)Nd_(y))Zr₂O₁₂  (1)

In the formula (1), x and y satisfy the following formulae: 0.1≤x≤1.0and 0.01≤y≤0.2.

According to this configuration, the composite body is directly formedfrom the calcined body which is the forming material of the firstelectrolyte portion and the active material, and therefore, theproduction step can be simplified.

A method for producing a battery includes a step of preparing a mixtureby mixing a plurality of types of raw materials containing elementsconstituting a lithium composite metal oxide represented by thefollowing compositional formula (1), a step of producing a calcined bodyby subjecting the mixture to a first heating treatment, a step ofpreparing a mixed body by mixing the calcined body with an activematerial, a step of producing a molded material by molding the mixedbody, followed by performing a second heating treatment, a step offilling the molded material with the melt of a second electrolytecontaining Li, B, and O by melting the second electrolyte by heating ina state where the second electrolyte is brought into contact with themolded material, a step of forming a composite body which includes acrystalline first electrolyte portion, a second electrolyte portion, andthe active material by cooling the molded material filled with the meltof the second electrolyte, a step of forming an electrode on one side ofthe composite body, and a step of forming a current collector on theother side of the composite body.(Li_(7−3x)Ga_(x))(La_(3−y)Nd_(y))Zr₂O₁₂  (1)

In the formula (1), x and y satisfy the following formulae: 0.1≤x≤1.0and 0.01≤y≤0.2.

According to this configuration, the molded material is directly formedfrom the calcined body which is the forming material of the firstelectrolyte portion and the active material by the method for producinga battery. Therefore, the production step can be simplified.

In the method for producing a battery, it is preferred that in the firstheating treatment, the heating temperature is 500° C. or higher and 650°C. or lower, and in the second heating treatment, the heatingtemperature is 800° C. or higher and 1000° C. or lower.

According to this configuration, by the first heating treatment, thesolvent contained in the mixture or an organic substance such as animpurity is decomposed and reduced. Therefore, in the second heatingtreatment, the purity is increased and the first electrolyte portion canbe formed. Further, by setting the temperature of the heating treatmentto 1000° C. or lower, the occurrence of a side reaction at the crystalgrain boundary or volatilization of lithium can be suppressed.Accordingly, a battery in which the lithium ion conduction property isfurther improved can be produced.

The entire disclosure of Japanese Patent Application No. 2018-026674,filed Feb. 19, 2018 is expressly incorporated by reference herein.

What is claimed is:
 1. An electrolyte, comprising a crystalline firstelectrolyte portion which contains a lithium composite metal oxiderepresented by the following compositional formula (1):(Li_(7−3x)Ga_(x))(La_(3−y)Nd_(y))Zr₂O₁₂  (1) (wherein x and y satisfythe following formulae: 0.1≤x≤1.0 and 0.01≤y≤0.2).
 2. The electrolyteaccording to claim 1, further comprising an amorphous second electrolyteportion which contains Li and is in contact with the first electrolyteportion.
 3. The electrolyte according to claim 2, wherein the secondelectrolyte portion contains Li, B, and O.
 4. A battery, comprising: acomposite body which includes the electrolyte according to claim 1 andan active material; an electrode which is provided on one face of thecomposite body; and a current collector which is provided on the otherface of the composite body.
 5. A battery, comprising: a composite bodywhich includes the electrolyte according to claim 2 and an activematerial; an electrode on one face of the composite body; and a currentcollector on the other face of the composite body.
 6. A battery,comprising: a composite body which includes the electrolyte according toclaim 3 and an active material; an electrode on one face of thecomposite body; and a current collector on the other face of thecomposite body.
 7. The battery according to claim 6, wherein the activematerial is a positive electrode active material containing Li.
 8. Anelectronic apparatus, comprising the battery according to claim 7.